Chapter 34

notochord

A longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body.

marsupial

A mammal, such as a koala, kangaroo, or opossum, whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch.

lateral line system

A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects.

amniote

A member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the ______ , which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid-filled "sac", that protect the embryo. include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles.

theropod

A member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores.

anthropoid

A member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and the apes (gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans).

osteichthyan

A member of a vertebrate clade with jaws and mostly bony skeletons.

diapsid

A member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull. include the lepidosaurs and archosaurs.

synapsid

A member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull. include the mammals.

placoderm

A member of an extinct group of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor.

dinosaur

A member of an extremely diverse clade of reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat. Birds are the only extant species

ray-finned fish

A member of the clade Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichthyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring.

lancelet

A member of the clade Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone.

tunicate

A member of the clade Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.

reptile

A member of the clade of amniotes that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.

amphibian

A member of the clade of tetrapods that includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians.

ratite

A member of the group of flightless birds.

archosaur

A member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators and dinosaurs, including birds.

lepidosaur

A member of the reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras.

placenta

A structure in the uterus of a pregnant eutherian mammal that nourishes the fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.

opposable thumb

A thumb that can touch the ventral surface (fingerprint side) of the fingertip of all four fingers of the same hand with its own ventral surface.

tetrapod

A vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits. include mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles.

nourish their offspring through mammary glands

All mammals __________. complete their embryonic development in the uterus bear live young nourish their offspring through mammary glands All of the listed responses are correct. None of the listed responses is correct.

arboreal

All species of New World monkeys are __________. arboreal nocturnal ground dwelling oviparous solitary

suspension feeder

An animal that feeds by removing suspended food particles from the surrounding medium by a capture, trapping, or filtration mechanism.

conodont

An early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements.

monotreme

An egg-laying mammal, such as a platypus or echidna. Like all mammals, they have hair and produce milk, but they lack nipples.

modern humans emerged from Africa

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes of modern humans has led most researchers to agree that __________. modern humans emerged from Africa Homo sapiens evolved from H. erectus in several parts of the world the common ancestor of Homo sapiens was a Neanderthal Homo sapiens settled in the New World approximately 75,000 years ago Homo sapiens has many common ancestors

operculum

In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills.

swim bladder

In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water.

pharyngeal cleft

In chordate embryos, one of the grooves that separate a series of arches along the outer surface of the pharynx and may develop into a pharyngeal slit.

pharyngeal slit

In chordate embryos, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and open into the pharynx, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates.

a thumb that is relatively mobile and separate from the fingers

Humans and lorises share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors; one such trait is __________. culture bipedalism (upright walking) an arboreal way of life a thumb that is relatively mobile and separate from the fingers opposable big toes

a thumb that is relatively mobile and separate from the fingers

Humans and the loris share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors, including __________. culture an arboreal way of life opposable big toes bipedalism (upright walking) a thumb that is relatively mobile and separate from the fingers

Chordata

If an animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal clefts, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development, it must be a member of the __________. Annelida Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

neural crest

In vertebrates, a region located along the sides of the neural tube where it pinches off from the ectoderm. ___ cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form pigment cells in the skin and parts of the skull, teeth, adrenal glands, and peripheral nervous system.

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos

Included among the modern groups of apes are __________. lemurs and lorises gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos tarsiers and gorillas Old World monkeys and New World monkeys chimpanzees and monkeys

by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits

Jaws evolved _____. from the bony armor of ostracoderms by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits from the rasping tongue by modification of middle ear bones from arthropod jaws

opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception

Primates are distinguished from other mammals by __________. fur, claws, and small litters eutherian reproduction, opposable thumbs, and good depth perception long tails used for balance, stereoscopic vision, and opposable thumbs stereoscopic vision, mammary glands, and single births opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception

lemurs

Primates known as anthropoids include all of the following groups except ________. gorillas humans lemurs Old World monkeys New World monkeys

viviparous

Referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta.

oviparous

Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mother's body.

ovoviviparous

Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother's uterus.

ectothermic

Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation.

endothermic

Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.

Chondrichthyes

Sharks and rays belong to the clade ________. Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Sarcopterygii Tiktaalik

ovoviviparous

Sharks that retain their fertilized eggs in the oviduct, where the eggs develop into young, are called ________. ovoviviparous amniotes None of the listed responses is correct. viviparous oviparous

the young develop within the female's body

Some sharks are viviparous, which means that __________. the young develop within the female's body they lay eggs they have a tendency toward multiple births they maintain a constant body temperature they have a tendency toward single births

rodentia

Squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

Which of the following chordate characteristics contributes most to the formation of your ears? None of the listed responses is correct. Muscular, post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo

Which of the following correctly lists probable ancestors of modern humans from the earliest to the most recent? Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo Australopithecus, Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homo Homo, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Homo, Australopithecus Homo, Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus

Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, Homo

Which of the following correctly lists probable ancestors of modern humans from the oldest to the most recent? Homo, Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, Homo Sahelanthropus, Homo, Australopithecus Homo, Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus, Homo

Cyclostomes

Which of the following groups represents the most basal lineage of vertebrates? Conodonts None of the listed responses is correct. Cyclostomes Sharks Amphibians

a reptile a mammal an amphibian a bird

Which of the following is a tetrapod? Select all that apply. a fish a reptile a mammal an amphibian a bird

conodonts

Which of the following is among the earliest known vertebrates? hagfish sharks lampreys conodonts None of the listed responses is correct.

crocodiles

Which of the following is an archosaur group? crocodiles snakes tuataras lizards None of the listed responses is correct.

Gnathostomata, hagfish

Which of the following pairs is NOT a correct match? Chondrichthyes, great white shark Aves, canary Gnathostomata, hagfish Osteichthyes, perch Mammalia, kangaroo

Rays, turtles, pigeons, and tuna

Which of the following sets of animals contains only gnathostomes? Hagfish, bass, sharks, and frogs Rays, turtles, pigeons, and tuna Lampreys, conodonts, and hagfish Sharks, hagfish, and whales Conodonts, placoderms, and acanthodians

large brain size bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) extensive tool use

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives? Select all that apply. large brain size grasping hands bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) extensive tool use

bipedalism (upright walking)

Which of the following traits distinguishes hominins from other apes? the use of tools bipedalism (upright walking) an enlarged brain (relative to body size) the use of fire the absence of a tail

monkeys

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length? monkeys hominids prosimians primates apes

apes

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans? apes Old World monkeys lorises prosimians New World monkeys

New World monkeys

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart? hominids apes New World monkeys anthropoids Old World monkeys

dorsal hollow nerve cord

a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body

muscular post anal tail

a structure that contains muscles and extends past the anus

mammal

amniotes that have hair and mammary glands (glands that produce milk).

chordate

animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.

amniotic egg

contains specialized membranes, including the fluid-filled amnion, that protect the embryo.

hands and feet - grasping flat nails large brain short jaws

derived character of primates

carnivora

dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses

proboscidea

elephants

artiodactyls

even number of toes

pharyngeal clefts

grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx

primates

lemurs, monkeys, chimps, gorillas, humans

perissodactyla

odd-toed ungulates horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses

pharyngeal slits

openings to the outside of the body along the side of the pharynx

eutherians

placental mammals

lagomorpha

rabbits, hairs, picas

cetartiodactyla

sheep, pigs, cattle, deer, giraffes

chondrichthyan

vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays.

cetaceans

whales, dolphins, porpoises

eutherian

Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

hominin

A group consisting of humans and the extinct species that are more closely related to us than to chimpanzees.

hinged jaws

A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics except __________. hinged jaws All of the listed responses are correct. vertebrae pharyngeal clefts in the embryo a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

notochord post-anal tail dorsal, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits or clefts

4 derived chordate characteristics

lancelet

A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate. lancelet sea star lamprey frog shark

vertebrate

A chordate animal with vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone.

cloaca

A common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals.

bone

A connective tissue consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.

a swim bladder

A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is __________. gills pelvic and pectoral fins with bony supports a swim bladder a lateral line system mineralized teeth

hagfishes; lampreys

Animals that are classified as vertebrates and have rudimentary vertebrae are the ______ and the ______. tunicates; hagfishes hagfishes; lampreys lampreys; placoderms hagfishes; lancelets lancelets; tunicates

acanthodian

Any of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian and Devonian periods.

lamprey

Any of the jawless vertebrates with highly reduced vertebrae that live in freshwater and marine environments. Almost half of extant species are parasites that feed by clamping their round, jawless mouth onto the flank of a live fish; nonparasitic are suspension feeders that feed only as larvae.

cephalochordates

Basal chordates are animals called the ________. Petromyzontida cephalochordates urochordates Myxini actinopterigii

embryonic membranes

Derived amniote characteristics include all of the following except ___________. embryonic membranes the chorion the allantois the amnion the yolk sac

dorsal, solid nerve cord

Derived chordate characteristics include all of the following except a _______. dorsal, solid nerve cord post-anal tail pharyngeal slits notochord dorsal, hollow nerve cord

ectothermy

Derived mammalian characteristics include all of the following except _______. hair or fur four-chambered heart differentiated teeth mammary glands ectothermy

amphibians

Habitat loss, the spread of a fungal disease, climate change, and pollution are causing severe population declines and extinction in __________. turtles amphibians sharks birds rodents

The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms.

How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur? The transition occurred in one big step, so there are no intermediate forms. The transition occurred in a few big steps, so there are very few intermediate forms. There was no transition. Fish and tetrapods have always existed as they are today. The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms.

hagfish

Marine jawless vertebrates that have highly reduced vertebrae and a skull made of cartilage; most are bottom-dwelling scavengers.

lobe-fin

Member of a clade of osteichthyans having rod-shaped muscular fins. The group includes coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods.

gnathostome

Member of one of the two main clades of vertebrates; have jaws and include sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

cyclostome

Member of one of the two main clades of vertebrates; lack jaws and include lampreys and hagfishes.

amniotic egg

The adaptation that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the __________. lateral line system amniotic egg bony appendage operculum placenta

an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is _____. jaws a lateral line system a streamlined, torpedo-shaped body an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage a swim bladder

the tunicate larva is using a different set of genetic controls than that of other chordates

The fact that tunicates have only 9 sets of Hox genes while lancelets and all other chordates have 13 sets of Hox genes indicates that ____________. the tunicate is a basal chordate lancelets evolved from tunicates the tunicate larva is still evolving None of the listed responses is correct. the tunicate larva is using a different set of genetic controls than that of other chordates

amphibians

The first vertebrates to live on land were __________. chondrichthyans mammals amphibians reptiles conodonts

maintaining a supply of oxygen

The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with __________. sensing vibrations in the water sensing chemicals in water maintaining a supply of oxygen adjusting buoyancy underwater reproduction

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following can be found in vertebrates but NOT in lancelets and tunicates? two or more clusters of Hox genes neural crest duplications of genes that produce signaling molecules and transcription factors All of the listed responses are correct. None of the listed responses is correct.

marsupial

The opossum is an example of a(n) __________ mammal. eutherian placental monotreme oviparous marsupial

hominids (Humans are hominids.)

The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____. apes prosimians New World monkeys hominids Old World monkeys

paleoanthropology

The study of human origins and evolution.

tetrapods

The three lineages of the Sarcopterygii include the coelolcanths, lungfishes, and ________. tetrapods chondrichthyes placoderms acanthodians Osteichthyes

method of reproduction Monotremes are egg-laying mammals, marsupials are pouched mammals, and eutherians are placental mammals.

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____. method of reproduction habitat size method of locomotion presence or absence of hair

endothermic metabolism

Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by extant birds and extant reptiles? endothermic metabolism amniotic eggs vertebrae scales containing keratin pharyngeal clefts in the embryo

pharyngeal slits or clefts

Which of the following chordate characteristics contributes most to suspension-feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates? notochord muscular, post-anal tail pharyngeal slits or clefts dorsal, hollow nerve cord None of the listed responses is correct.

flat head with eyes on top a neck interlocking ribs

Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics? Select all that apply. fins with fin rays interlocking ribs scales flat head with eyes on top a neck

it has both fish and tetrapod characters

Tiktaalik is an important fossil find because ________. it has both fish and tetrapod characters it has ray fins it was found in North America None of the listed responses is correct. it has fins with digits

Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.

What is a transitional fossil? Transitional fossils only existed for a short period of time. Transitional fossils were poorly adapted to their environments. Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants. A transitional fossil is in the middle of a direct lineage stretching from ancient forms to organisms alive today.

Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.

What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in? Tiktaalik lived in a shallow, marine environment. Tiktaalik lived in cold, artic tundra. Tiktaalik lived on dry, rocky slopes. Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp.

Homo habilis

What was the earliest hominin to have an enlarged brain (relative to body size)? Ardipithecus ramidus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Australopithecus afarensis

Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives.

Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish? Select all that apply. Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos. Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates. The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago. Fossil evidence shows there have always been four-limbed animals on Earth. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives.

Caecilian

Which of the following animals is an amphibian? All of the listed responses are correct. Turtle None of the listed responses is correct. Caecilian Lizard

To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.

Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth? Select all that apply. To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose. To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock. It is just a matter of time before we find them all. Rocks contain the history of all life, if you know where to look. Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.

pterosaur

Winged reptile that lived during the Mesozoic era.

Prosimians

_____ are the oldest known primate group. Apes Prosimians Anthropoids Hominids Monkeys

Birds

_______ belong to a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. Lizards Crocodiles Birds Geckos Snakes

Conodonts

________ are early vertebrates that lacked jaws, had large eyes, and had mineralized dental tissues. Lampreys Hagfishes Conodonts Acanthodians Placoderms

Hominins

________ are extinct species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees. Orangutans Bonobos Lorises Hominins Gibbons

Convergent evolution

_________ best explains the similarities between Australian marsupials and placental mammals (eutherians) in other parts of the world. Natural selection Convergent evolution Founder effect Bottleneck effect Adaptive radiation

Upright posture; large brains

__________ arose very early in hominid evolution; __________ evolved more recently. Large brains; upright posture none of the listed responses is correct Large brains; prominent brow ridges Upright posture; large brains Upright posture; forward-looking eyes

chiroptera

bats

sirenia

manatees

notochord

may be associated with a jointed skeleton

pharyngeal slits

may develop into gill slits

pharyngeal clefts

may develop into parts of the ear

dorsal hollow nerve cord

may develop into the brain and spinal cord in chordates

lancelet

member of cephalochordata