Chapter 35

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells(plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells? B cells kill pathogens directly; T cells kill host cells B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells B cells carry out the cell mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response

B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells

In vertebrate animals innate defense against virus infected cells and cancer cells is due to which types of WBC cells(lymphocytes)? memory cells plasma cells natural killer (NK) cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells

NK cells

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as an allergy. an autoimmune disease. a cancer. an immunodeficiency. an antigenic variation.

an autoimmune disease.

Extracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____. cytotoxic T cells antigens helper T cells complement proteins antibodies from plasma cells

antibodies from plasma cells

A substance that triggers an immune response is an antigen antibody mucus histamine

antigen

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to antibodies. immunoglobulins. double-stranded RNA. natural killer cells. antigen

antigen

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. are active only in lymph nodes. bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells.

bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells.

Antihistamine treatment reduces phagocytosis of antigens. the secondary immune response. clonal selection by antigens. blood vessel dilation. MHC presentation by macrophages

blood vessel dilation.

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC moleculeantigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

The role of active cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. body cells that have been infected extracellular viruses and bacteria circulating antibodies circulating proteins complement proteins

body cells that have been infected

Helper T cells are part of _____. a group of phagocytic white blood cells cell-mediated immune responses innate immunity the complement system the first cells to bind to antigens

cell-mediated immune responses

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity are both _____. dependent on surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands, which give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization based on the trapping of microbes by mucus characteristics of all vertebrate animals dependent exclusively on cell-mediated responses dependent on tears, saliva, and mucous secretions that contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls

characteristics of all vertebrate animals

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes? natural killer cells cytotoxic T cells macrophages B cells helper T cells

cytotoxic T cells

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves B cells. macrophages. cytotoxic T cells. natural killer cells. helper T cells.

cytotoxic T cells.

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens, including viral lipopolysaccharides. phospholipids. double-stranded DNA. glycoproteins. double-stranded RNA.

double-stranded RNA.

Antigens are foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. proteins embedded in B cell membranes. proteins released during an inflammatory response. proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump. proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

Signal from _____ activate B cells to produce antibodies and also activate T cells that kill infected cells. natural killer (NK) cells interferons helper T cells helper B cells cytotoxic T cells

helper T cells

HIV directly infects and eventually eliminates b cells cytotoxic t cells plasma cells helper t cells natural killer cells

helper t cells

Inflammatory responses typically include release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, groin, and axillary(armpit) are associated with increased activity of the immune system a broken limb blood sugar that is abnormally high dehydration sodium depletion

increased activity of the immune system

Acidity in human sweat is an example of antibody activation. cell-mediated immune response. acquired immunity. innate immunity. adaptive immunity.

innate immunity.

________ are a group of antimicrobial peptides/proteins which provide innate defense by interfering with viral infections via inhibiting viral reproduction/replication in host cells histamines cytokines complement proteins MHC proteins interferons

interferons

An antigen _____. is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease could be an invading bacterium induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow

is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte

Macrophages are _____. cells that induce the lysis of virus-infected body cells short-lived cells that self-destruct soon after engulfing foreign invaders antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body the best defense against parasites

large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body

The function of antibodies is to release perforins to disrupt infected cells. act as Toll-like receptors. secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites. inject toxins into living pathogens. mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

What is true about the human defense mechanism or raising the body temperature (fever) the cerebellum increases the body temperature most pathogenic organisms reproduce slower at higher temperatures the number of white blood cells decreases all of the above

most pathogenic organisms reproduce slower at higher temperatures

This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing its mother and ends when nursing ends. . passive immunity adaptive immunity active immunity innate immunity cell-mediated immunity

passive immunity

Adaptive immunity depends on maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. plants being exposed to new pathogens. traits common to groups of pathogens. pathogen-specific recognition. having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses.

pathogen-specific recognition.

The ________ immune response is a fast strong, and long lived response that relies on the reservoir of T and B memory cells generated by following initial exposure to an antigen primary secondary tertiary humoral cell-mediated

secondary

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is high blood pressure. mild fever. septic shock. increased white blood cell count. aches and dull pain.

septic shock.

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen. long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. large numbers of neutrophils.

short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

An epitope is two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma. part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells. a protein protruding from the surface of B cells. that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. a mirror image of an antigen.

that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor

Immunological memory accounts for the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines. the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. the ability of the immune system to present antigen fragments in association with MHC antigens. the human body's ability to distinguish self from nonself. the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause worse disease than others.

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are the lymphocytes and the interferons. the dendritic cells and the interferons. the mast cells and the histamines. the phagocytes and the lysozymes. the phagocytes and the chemokine

the mast cells and the histamines.

A key part of the humoral immune response is the production of antibodies by plasma cells. the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens. the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells. perforation of infected host cells by perforin. the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells.

the production of antibodies by plasma cells.

The primary function of humoral immunity is to protect the body against cells that become cancerous. to reject transplanted tissues. to defend against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells. to protect the body against extracellular pathogens. to defend against fungi and protozoa.

to protect the body against extracellular pathogens.

Phaygocytic cells are cellular innate defenses that detect fungal or bacterial components using several types of receptors. Each mammalian______ binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens (ex. lipopolysaccharides, on the surface of bacteria, flagellin protein, or viral dsRNA) toll-like receptor t cell receptor epitope MHC molecule Memory B cell

toll-like receptor

Which of the following is part of a human's innate immunity that would act as the body's first line of defense? white blood cells antibodies hydrochloric acid skin T cells

white blood cells