Chapter 36: Veterinary Dentistry

how do you perform the intraoral examination?

Evaluations of the Soft tissues of oral cavity, dental structures, periodontium Observe Skin/mucosa, caudal cheek lining, salivary duct opening, hard & soft palates, pharynx, tongue, tonsils

exodontics

Extraction of diseased teeth via closed or surgical techniques

On dental radiographs, what structures are radiolucent?

Soft tissue and periodontal ligament space

what is the normal sulcus depth in dogs? what is the normal sulcus depth in cats?

Sulcus 0 to 3 m dogs, 0 to 1 mm cats

Dogs and cats are less susceptible to dental caries than humans partly because a. there is less sugar in their diets. b. they do to chew their food as completely. c. they have less occlusal surfaces on their teeth. d. they have stronger enamel.

they have less occlusal surfaces on their teeth

anisognathism

The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw

The carnassial teeth of dogs and cats are the ______________ .a. maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular fourth premolar b. maxillary fourth premolar and the mandibular first molar teeth c. maxillary first molar and mandibular first molar d. maxillary first molar and mandibular fourth premolar

maxillary fourth premolar and the mandibular first molar teeth

palatal

maxillary teeth adjacent to the palate

enamel

thin layer covering the crown that is the hardest tooth surface

Many dental x-ray units have an internally set level of certain parameters and only ____________ may be changed for a darker or lighter technique .a. kilovoltage b. milliamperes c. milliamperes per second d. time

time

why are dental rads important?

to confirm numbers and shapes of tooth roots before extraction or other procedures involving sub gingival pathologic conditions

vestibular

tooth surface facing lips (buccal, labial)

What is the dental explorer used for?

topography of the tooth surface

Gingival hyperplasia occurs when the free gingival margin migrates coronally, a. toward to apex of the tooth. b. toward the crown of the tooth. c. toward the mesial surface of the tooth. d. toward the gum line.

toward the mesial surface of the tooth

caudal

towards the back of the head

what does diphyodont mean?

two sets of teeth

facial

vestibular surface from front (incisors)

attrition

wear caused by tooth to tooth contact

plaque

an accumulation of food particles, saliva, minerals, and bacteria that appears as a white0tan, easily removable film on the teeth

In most species, the upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw; this is referred to as ________. a. masticatory b. carnassial c. brachygnathism d. anisognathism

anisognathism

which of the clinical symptoms of oral disease may be manifested later in the disease process? a. rubbing face along furniture b. anorexia c. dropping food d. pawing at mouth

anorexia

Radicular teeth

apices open significant portion of life occlusal wear offset by continual growth seen in horses example: cheek teeth

an important component of the extraoral examination is a technique called _____, which involves gently pushing on the closed eyelids with your thumbs to assess ability of the globes to move caudally in the orbit

bilateral retropulsion

the canine and feline teeth used for shearing and grinding are the: a. canines b. molars c. premolars d. both b and c

both b and c (molars and premolars)

________________ teeth have a relatively small, distinct crown compared with the size of their well-developed roots. a. deciduous b. brachyodont c. hypsodont d. elodont

brachyodont

the root apices of ______ teeth are open for a limited time during tooth eruption and development, and therefore do not continually grow or erupt

brachyodont

endodontics

branch of dentistry dealing w disease of pulp. Study/treatment of inside of tooth/periapical tissues

______________ refers to the mucosa that begins at the mucocutaneous junction and lines the cheeks and lips. a. Alveolar mucosa b. Buccal mucosa c. Lingual mucosa d. Gingival mucosa

buccal mucosa

Using the rule of 4's and 9's can help keep nomenclature easier to follow. Using this rule, what are teeth 104, 204, 304, and 404 in dogs, cats, and horses? a. Lateral incisors b. Canine teeth c. First premolars d. First molars

canine teeth

the adjective _____ is used to describe the maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular first molar of dogs and cats, which play a significant role in shearing food during mastication

carnassial

caries

cavities

On dental radiographs, what structures are radiopaque (white)?

cementum, dentin, bone, block

buccal

cheek

premolars location and function

cheek teeth; bicupsids point to interdental space of opposing premolar teeth and are used to tear/shear

the smooth, convex bulge located on the palatal side of the gingival third of incisor teeth is called the

cingulum

apical

closer to the apex (tip of root)

coronal

closer to the crown

The radiographic positioning error that results in the x-ray beam missing portions of the sensor plate or film is called a. elongation. b. foreshortening. c. cone cutting. d. angulation.

cone cutting

Rostral

cranial anatomy, front-head comparison w other structure.

What dental tasks are considered appropriate for vet nurses to perform?

dental cleanings, obtaining diagnostic info, intraoperative assistance, extractions, client education

radiographic evaluation of areas that have missing teeth is imperative because _____ can develop as a result of an unerupted tooth

dentigerous cysts

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

canines location and function

distal to incisors, long; prehension and holding

ptyalism

excessive salivation

which types of tooth surfaces are most susceptible to caries?

flat occlusal teeth

molars location and function

flat teeth susceptible to caries; used to grind/crush food

the radicular hypsodont type of dental morphology is found in which species? a. rabbits b. horses c. cats d. pigs

horses

mesial

in line w dental arcade closest to rostral portion of midline of dental arch

the _____ _____ is a raised structure located at the midline behind the maxillary incisors in dogs and cats.

incisive papilla

most rostral teeth

incisors

dogs and cats have 4 types of teeth:

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

eruption time for puppies (deciduous) teeth

incisors: 4-6 weeks canines: 3-5 weeks premolar: 5- 6 weeks molars: --

aradicular or elodont teeth

lack the true root structure lifelong tooth growth seen in rodents

the _____ is a cribriform plate of bone lining the tooth socket and appears radiographically as a white line adjacent to the periodontal space

lamina dura

Hypsodont teeth

large reserve crown/root structure continual growth and eruption over lifetime seen in horses, rodents, and lagomorphs

carnassial teeth

large shearing cheek teeth P4/M1 in dogs and P3/M1 in cats

_________ refers to the situation when teeth or jaws are not correctly aligned .a. Occlusion b. Dysocclusion c. Acclusion d. Malocclusion

malocclusion

The only easily palpable major salivary gland of the dog & cat is the

mandibular

incisors location

mandibular incisors should be palatal to (behind) the maxillary incisors and the coronal third of the mandibular incisors should rest on cingulum of maxillary incisors

lingual

mandibular teeth adjacent to the tongue (lower jaw)

Placing the sensor parallel to the long axis of the tooth to produce a dental radiograph can only be used to produce radiographs of the a. mandibular teeth caudal to the symphysis. b. caudal to the symphysis. c. mandibular teeth. d. maxillary teeth rostral to the symphysis.

mandibular teeth caudal to the symphysis

what are the major salivary glands in the dog and cat?

mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, and parotid glands

The corner of the eye nearest the nose where the eye lids join is called the a. medial fissure. b. medial canthus. c. lateral fissure. d. lateral canthus.

medial canthus

dental instruments are held with a(n) _____, in which the first three fingers are in a triangular position on the instrument and the ring finger is used as a rest on an adjacent oral structure

modified pen grasp

refers to the form and structure of an organism and its parts

morphology

distal

most caudal portion of dental arch

Incisors

most rostral tooth in jaw used for gnawing and grooming

feline left mandibular second premolar tooth

not present

feline right maxillary first premolar tooth

not present

how do you perform the extraoral examination?

observation of the head, face, eyes, ears, neck using direct visual observation, palpation, and smell.

An abnormal communication between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity that often result from periodontal disease is called a. root exposure. b. furcation. c. oronasal fistula. d. periodontitis.

oronasal fistula

a history of sneezing after drinking water may indicate the presence of a(n) _____, which is a common problem in small-breed dogs with advanced periodontal disease

oronasal fistula

The major salivary glands of the dog and cat are the paired mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic, and ___________________ .a. maxillary b. facial c. buccal d. parotid

parotid

Furcation involvement is measured with what type of instrument

periodontal probe

The tool used to measure periodontal sulcus depth is called the a. Gracey curette b. scaler .c. periodontal ruler. d. periodontal probe.h

periodontal probe

______________is a term that describes the supporting structures of the teeth. a. Gingiva b. Periodontium c. Periodontitis d. Perineum

periodontium

labial

pertaining to lips

calculus

plaque that has become calcified and is firmly adhered to teeth

deciduous teeth

primary or baby teeth

the instrument used to measure gingival sulcus depth is a periodontal:

probe

furcation

region of a multirooted tooth where the roots diverge from the crown

Periodontal debridement

removal or disruption of plaque, and its byproducts from coronal surfaces, root surfaces and within the pocket

Teeth may have one or more; In those teeth with two or more, the point where they diverge is called the furcation angle. At the end is the apex, which can have a multiple canal delta arrangement (cats and dogs) or remain open as in herbivores.

roots

The hard palate forms the rostral two-thirds of the roof of the mouth and is covered by palatal mucosa arranged in prominent ridges called _________ .a. rugae b. zygomatic c. xiphoid d. oronasal fistula

rugae

the rostral two-thirds of the hard palate are covered by palatal mucosa that has hard ridges or _____ ranging from 8-10 in number

rugae

What is normal occlusion of the teeth called?

scissors bite

permanent teeth

secondary or adult teeth

what dental explorer is most common

shepherds hook

Brachyodont teeth

small distinct crow, larger well developed root limited eruption/development time seen in humans, carnivores, and pigs

pulp

soft tissue within the center of a tooth, consisting of cells, vessels, and nerves

occlusion

spatial relationship of teeth in the mouth

periodontium

supporting structures of the teeth

Modified Triadan System (definition)

system of identifying teeth in dental records. Assigns three digit numbers to each tooth based on location and type

carnassial teeth literally means:

tearing of flesh

malocclussion

teeth or jaws incorrectly aligned

normally covered by enamel and meets the root at an important landmark called the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). The CEJ is anatomically the neck of the tooth and is not normally visible.

the crown

Where do dental caries often form and how do you find them?

-Result from demineralization of enamel & dentin from acids produced by certain oral bacteria. -Occur most commonly on occlusal (flat) surfaces of molar teeth. -Gently explore for pits/fissures of occlusal surfaces of maxillary 1st and 2nd molars and distal half of mandibular first molar, feeling for areas of demineralization.

what numbers describe the incisors?

01, 02, 03

what numbers describe the canines?

04

what are the parts of the periodontium?

1. Periodontal ligament 2. Gingival connective tissue 3. Alveolar bone forming the tooth socket 4. Cementum

Modified Triadan System

100 series (right maxillary quadrant) 200 series (left maxillary quadrant) 300 series (left mandibular quadrant 400 series (right mandibular quadrant)

canine right maxillary canine tooth

104

canine right maxillary fourth premolar tooth

108

When do permanent canine teeth erupt in the dog?

12 to 16 weeks old

canine left maxillary second incisor tooth

202

canine left maxillary second molar tooth

210

dogs typically have how many deciduous teeth? cats typically have how many deciduous teeth? horses typically have how many deciduous teeth?

28; 26; 24

dental formula: Feline permanent teeth

2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30

dental formula: Canine permanent teeth

2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) =42

how many permanent teeth are there in the normal adult feline dentition?

30

feline left mandibular fourth premolar tooth

308

feline right mandibular third incisor tooth

403

feline right mandibular third premolar tooth

407

canine right mandibular third molar tooth

411

how many permanent teeth are there in the normal adult canine dentition?

42

canine deciduous right maxillary first incisor tooth

501

at what age would a cat be expected to have all of its permanent teeth erupted?

6 months

the timer switch on a dental x-ray unit can be remotely wired and mounted outside of the dental treatment room, or at least ________ away from the tube head. a. 6 to 8 ft. b. 6 to 8 inches c. 1 to 2 ft. d. 10 to 12 ft.

6 to 8 ft

feline deciduous left mandibular canine tooth

704

Abrasion

:wear caused by an outside source (cage chewers) (ocd about tennis balls)

Members of the ____ of ____ technicians have completed a credentialing process and passed a specialty exam to verify an advanced level of dental knowledge.

Academy of Veterinary Dental technicians

cats have fewer teeth compared with dogs. What teeth are missing?

Cats do not have a maxillary 1st premolar, or their 1st or 2nd mandibular premolars

How do you tell the difference between pulp exposure and discolored dentin?

If the tooth has pulp exposure, the tip of the explorer will fall into a hole, whereas a discolored area caused by tertiary dentin will feel smooth as glass when the explorer is run over this area.

eruption time for cats (permanent) teeth

Incisors: 11-16 weeks canines: 12-20 weeks premolars: 16-20 weeks molars: 20-24 weeks

eruption time for dogs (permanent) teeth

Incisors: 12-16 weeks canines: 12-16 weeks premolars: 16-20 weeks molars: 16-20 weeks

eruption time for kittens (deciduous) teeth

Incisors: 3-4 weeks canines: 3-4 weeks premolar: 5-6 weeks molars: ---

What is the dental probe used for?

Measure attachment levels, sulcus, and pocket depths, loss of bone in furcation areas and size of oral lesions.

How do you hold dental instruments? Explain it:

Modified pen grasp; three fingertips placed in a triangular (tripod) position, plus a rest finger. Pads on the index finger and the thumb rest on the instrument where the handle and shank meet t o hold the instrument

How is movement of teeth estimated?

Movement is estimated on a scale 1, 3, 4, on the basis of the number of millimeters beyond normal physiologic mobility that the tooth moves in a single direction

What are clinical symptoms to inquire about during oral history?

Pawing at mouth, dropping/walking way, rub face, aggression

Dental tasks that fall within the purview of the veterinary technician a. include professional dental cleanings. b. include certain procedures that may result in alterations in the shape, structure, or positional location of teeth in the dental arch. c. are consistent from state to state d .are left to the discretion of each local practice.

a. include professional dental cleanings

orthodontics

alignment or straightening of the teeth