CHAPTER 39 questions-2
D
No two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely without competition driving one to ________. A. migrate B. overpopulate C. speciation D. extinction
E
1. All of the following factors can be important in determining the difference between a species' fundamental and realized niches. Select the exception. A. physical environment B. interspecific competition C. presence of a predator/parasite D. intraspecific competition E. presence of a commensalist that benefits
C
14. A relationship in which both members benefit is called A. predation. B. parasitism. C. mutualism. D. commensalism. E. sympatric.
B
25. Chemicals that play the dominant role in protecting plants from being eaten by herbivores or predators are called A. primary compounds. B. secondary compounds. C. poisons. D. oils. E. amino acids.
E
33. Coevolution is involved in all of the following except A. competition. B. predation. C. natural selection. D. symbiosis. E. intraspecific competition.
D
37. Insects that lay eggs on living hosts are called A. ectoparasites. B. endoparasites. C. brood parasites. D. parasitoids. E. predators.
B
4. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry? A.In Batesian mimicry the model must behave differently than the mimic; in Müllerian mimicry they behave the same. B.In Batesian mimicry the model must be more dangerous than the mimic; in Müllerian mimicry they are both dangerous. CBatesian mimicry does not differ from Müllerian mimicry. Two different scientists discovered these . two types at the same time, and they disagreed on what to call it. DBatesian mimicry differs from Müllerian mimicry in that they occur on different continents—Batesian . on the North American and Müllerian on the European. E. Batesian mimicry involves invertebrates; Müllerian mimicry involves vertebrates.
C
45. Secondary succession takes place in all of the following except A. an abandoned agricultural field. B. an area burnt off by a fire. C. an area exposed by a melting glacier. D. an abandoned landfill. E. a pile of cow manure ("cow flop.")
B
55. Which of the following is an example of commensalism? A. a tapeworm living in the intestines of a mule deer B. epiphytes growing on the trunk of a tree C. a female mosquito sucking blood from a musk oxen D. aphids and their ant tenders E. acacia trees and their ants
E
56. All of the following items are features of a biological community, except one. Select the exception. A. species richness B. keystone species present C. successional stage D. primary productivity E. character displacement
E
70. Which of the following statements about predation is false? A. Cycling of predator and prey populations is not commonly observed. B. For the mimic, Batesian mimicry is a coevolutionary adaptation to predation. C. Predation can induce coevolutionary changes in prey species. D. Animal predation on plants is called herbivory. E. Removal of a predator often leads to increased community stability.
B
57. Which one of the following statements correctly defines the concept "ecotone" and describes its importance in the debate over what determines the makeup and functioning of communities? AAn ecotone is a place where the environment changes abruptly and that some plant communities are . distinct in adjacent areas supports the individualistic concept of communities. BAn ecotone is a place where the environment changes abruptly and that some plant communities are . distinct in adjacent areas supports the holistic concept of communities. CAn ecotone is a place where the environment changes gradually and that some plant communities are . distinct in adjacent areas supports the individualistic concept of communities. DAn ecotone is a place where the environment changes gradually and that some plant communities are . distinct in adjacent areas supports the holistic concept of communities. EAn ecotone is a place where the environment changes abruptly, but the communities living in adjacent . areas do not. This supports neither the individualistic nor the holistic concepts.
A
58. The individualistic concept of community makes all of the following predictions except A. adjacent areas with very different soil types should have different, but predictable plant communities. B.changes in the abundance of tree species along a soil moisture gradient should not be synchronous with changes in other species. Cit should not be possible to predict how the abundance of one community member will change along a . habitat gradient based on changes in other community members. D the species composition and abundance of a prehistoric community should be very different from the . community existing there today. E. in moving from one community to another, species should appear and disappear independently.
D
59. In studies of two species of barnacles in the marine intertidal zone it was observed that Chthamalus can live in the upper intertidal zone and the lower intertidal zone if Semibalanus is absent, and Semibalanus can only live in the lower zone because it is more subject to dehydration. Based on this, which of the following statements is false? A. The realized niches of the two species differ. B. The fundamental niche of Chthamalus is larger than its realized niche. C. The fundamental niche of Chthamalus is larger than the fundamental niche of Semibalanus. D. The fundamental and the realized niches of Chthamalus are the same. E. The fundamental and the realized niches of Semibalanus are the same.
C
60. Which of the following statements about the fundamental and realized niche is false? A. A species' realized niche could be the same size as its fundamental niche. B. A species' realized niche could be smaller than its fundamental niche. C. A species' fundamental niche can be smaller than its realized niche. D. The extent of the realized niche is determined, in part, by intraspecific completion. E. The extent of the fundamental niche is determined, in part, by conditions of the physical environment.
B
62. Which of the following statements about Gause's studies of competition between different species of Paramecium is false? A. A species cultured by itself showed only the effects of intraspecific competition. B. A species cultured with another species showed only the effects of interspecific competition. C. Competitive exclusion did not always occur if the species' realized niches were sufficiently different. D. His studies focused on the type of competition called exploitative competition. E. His results showed that there was considerable niche overlap in the Paramecium species he studied.
C
63. You collect data on growth of two different species (A and B) when grown by themselves and with each other. Which one of the following comparisons would best show the effect of only interspecific on species B? A. the growth of species A when with species B B. the growth of species B when with species A C. the growth of species B alone with its grown when with A D. the growth of species A alone with its grown when with B E. the growth of species A with B compared with the growth of species B with A
B
64. Cattle egrets follow African ungulates such as African buffalo around and catch insects that the buffalo flush. Oxpeckers perch on the backs of buffalo and feed on ectoparasites that infest the buffalo. Which one of the following shows the ecological interaction that the buffalo has with each bird? A. cattle egret: mutualism; oxpecker: commensalism B. cattle egret: commensalism; oxpecker: mutualism C. cattle egret: competition; oxpecker: mutualism D. cattle egret: mutualism; oxpecker: mutualism E. cattle egret: commensalism; oxpecker: commensalism
C
65. Imagine two related species that have non-overlapping ranges. If the following events involving these two species were arranged in the order they likely occurred, which event would be third? A. sympatry B. character displacement C. interspecific competition D. range extension E. resource partitioning
C
66. Which would not be an expected long-term change during primary succession on glacial moraines? A. increase in species richness B. increase in soil depth C. increase in pH D. increase in soil nitrogen E. alder crowded out by spruce
A
67. Which of the following statements about the intermediate disturbance hypothesis is false? A.The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that most communities eventually reach an end-state or climax community. B. Intermediate disturbance should lead to increases in species richness. C. Disturbances tend to lead to the dominance of r-selected species. D. An example of intermediate disturbance would be a tree fall in a mature rain forest. E. Intermediate disturbance should lead to all successional stages being present in the community at the same time.
B
68. Which of the following statements about symbiotic relationships is false? A. Plant-pollinator interaction is a good example of mutualism. B. Both mutualisms and commensalisms result from the process of coevolution. C. It is sometimes difficult to determine if a specific relationship is mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism. D. Parasites can sometimes influence the behavior of their hosts to facilitate completion of their life cycles. E. Mutualists sometimes become parasites.
A
69. Which of the following statements about mimicry is false? A. Generally, the number of mimics in a Müllerian mimicry system must be less than the number of models. B. Both Batesian and Müllerian mimicry depend on the ability of the predator to learn. C. In Müllerian mimicry, the participants are both mimics and models. D. In Batesian mimicry, the participants are either mimics or models. E. Batesian mimicry can best be described as parasitism; Müllerian mimicry can best be described as mutualism.
A
A _________ relationship is one in which two or more kinds of organisms live together in often elaborate and more or less permanent association. A. symbiotic B. parasitic C. mutualistic D. synergistic
A
A herbivore can avoid competition from other species for food by acquiring the ability to A. be tolerant to some secondary compounds, allowing it to feed on an underutilized resource. B. be tolerant to some primary compounds, allowing it to feed on an over utilized resource. C. become dormant and not require energy during hot, dry summer months. D. alter its reproductive behavior, allowing it to utilize scarce resources. E. switch to exploitative competition.
D
A relationship, which occurs when one member of the relationship is neither helped nor harmed and the other member derives some benefit, is called A. predation. B. parasitism. C. mutualism. D. commensalism. E. sympatric.
B
A species that interacts in critical ways with many other elements of an ecosystem is called a ___________ species. A. predatory B. keystone C. primary D. dominant E. succeeding
B
A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is A. parasitism. B. mutualism. C. commensalism. D. tolerance. E. predation.
B
All of the following are types of symbiosis except A. commensalism. B. camouflage. C. predation. D. parasitism. E. mutualism.
A
All organisms living together in a place are called a __________. A. community B. population C. species D. ecosystem
A
Alligators excavate holes in the bottom of bodies of water. During times of severe drought these holes act as refugia for various aquatic organisms that might perish if there were no water available. Thus, alligators in this system can be classified as a(n) A. keystone species. B. symbiotic species. C. sympatric species. D. allopatric species. E. refugistic species.
D
Animals defend themselves against predators by all of the following except A. warning coloration. B. cryptic coloration. C. chemical defenses such as poisons and stings. D. parasitism. E. aposematic coloration.
B
Aposematic, or warning coloration, serves to protect an animal or plant by signaling to potential ________ to stay away. A. competitors B. predators C. mates D. rivals
A
Cardiac glycosides, molecules causing a drastic effect on vertebrate heart function, are produced as defense chemicals by plants, which belong to A. the milkweed and dogbane families. B. the mustard family. C. grasses. D. poison ivy, oak, and sumac. E. the bean family.
E
Chemical defenses are found in all of the following except A. marine animals. B. insects. C. plants. D. snakes, spiders, and fishes. E. Batesian mimics.
E
Communities evolve to have greater biomass and species richness in a process called A. symbiosis. B. higher productivity. C. spatial heterogeneity. D. predictability. E. succession.
C
Communities evolve to have greater biomass and species richness in a process called A. sympatric interactions. B. adaptive modifications. C. succession. D. symbiotic relationships. E. competitive exclusion.
A
Competition between species is called ____________ competition. A. interspecific B. exploitative C. interference D. fundamental E. intraspecific
B
Competition shapes communities because there are usually limited __________. A. species B. resources C. interactions D. nutrients
D
During the mid 1930s, G. F. Gause studied competition among three species of Paramecium. Through his experiments he formulated a principle of A. niche overlap. B. exploitative competition. C. metapopulation fluctuation. D. competitive exclusion. E. interspecific competition.
D
Gause said that if two species attempt to occupy the same niche, with limited resources, one of them will become A. a commensalist. B. parasitic. C. a predator. D. extinct. E. symbiotic.
C
In _______ mimicry, unprotected species resemble others that are distasteful. A. Müllerian B. competitive C. Batesian D. aposematic
C
In ________ mimicry, two or more unrelated but protected species resemble one another, thus achieving a kind of group defense. A. Batesian B. disruptive C. Müllerian D. cooperative
B
In this relationship, one organism serves as a host to another organism, usually to the host's disadvantage. A. predation B. parasitism C. mutualism D. commensalism E. symbiotic
D
Insects that feed on milkweed plants are generally brightly colored. Such coloration is called A. Batesian mimicry. B. apoptosis. C. cryptic coloration. D. warning coloration. E. Müllerian mimicry.
A
Lakes become eutrophic by A. accumulation of organic matter. B. loss of organic matter. C. circulation of water in the lake. D. free exchange of water with outside sources. E. an increase in the number of organisms.
D
Paleontological studies indicate that, over millions of years, A. groups of species that have coevolved rise and go extinct together. B. species that occurred together in the distant past still occur together today; the community has held constant. C. species that arose recently have driven some older species extinct in certain communities. D. species seem to come and go individually as niches within a community become available. E. species richness changes very little.
E
Plant morphological defenses do not include A. spikes and thorns. B. secondary compounds. C. plant hairs. D. deposits of silica-like substances in the leaves. E. nectar in the flowers.
D
Primary succession can occur on all of the following except a(n) A. bare surface. B. rock. C. area sterilized by a lava flow. D. fire-ravaged soil. E. lifeless substrate.
A
Resource partitioning can often be seen in similar species that occupy the same geographic area. These species avoid competition by living in different portions of the habitat or by utilizing different food or other resources and are called ____________ species. A. sympatric B. allopatric C. competitive D. fundamental E. exploitative
A
Secondary compounds play a defensive role for plants to keep from being eaten by _______. A. herbivores B. carnivores C. tertiary consumers D. parasites
B
Some animals are ______ colored and blend in with their surroundings. A. aposematically B. cryptically C. asymmetrically D. randomly
E
Some insect species have coevolved with particular flowering plants, to assist them in pollination and defense. Plants have also evolved special traits to benefit the insects. Select from the following an item that plants have not coevolved to benefit an insect. A. food B. shelter C. protection D. water E. secondary compounds
C
Some insects that lack any specific chemical defenses blend with their environment to avoid predators. This type of defense strategy is called A. Batesian mimicry. B. apoptosis. C. cryptic coloration. D. warning coloration. E. Müllerian mimicry.
A
Succession happens because species in the habitat alter that habitat in ways that assist other species. There are three dynamic concepts that are of critical importance for succession to take place. They are A. facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance. B. symbiotic relationships, facilitation, and aposematic coloration. C. mimicry, coevolution, and competitive exclusion. D. competition, climax communities, and tolerance. E. competition, inhibition, and coevolution.
B
The actual niche the organism is able to occupy in the presence of competitors is called its A. fundamental niche. B. realized niche. C. interference niche. D. intraspecific niche. E. exploitative niche.
C
The attempt of two organisms trying to utilize the same resource is called __________. A. synergy B. parasitism C. competition D. interference
B
The difference in the fundamental niche and the realized niche is A. the fundamental niche is the actual niche that a species occupies while the realized niche is not. B.the fundamental niche is the entire niche that a species is capable of using while the realized niche is just what is being occupied. C. the fundamental niche is smaller than the realized niche. D. the realized niche is theoretical while the fundamental niche is the entire niche that an organism can use.
D
The dynamic processes that are of critical importance in succession involve all of the following except A. tolerance. B. facilitation. C. inhibition. D. competitive exclusion. E. disturbance.
A
The holistic concept of communities, as put forth by Clements, says that A. communities are formed from coevolved species that function together. B. communities are made of an aggregation of species that happen to co-occur at the same place and time. C. communities are composed of clusters of adaptively radiated species. D. communities consist of unrelated groups that co-occupy niches. E. communities include groups of species that compete for the same niche.
A
The pattern of living or the function of an organism in a community is called its A. niche. B. habitat. C. hierarchy. D. speciation. E. predation.
C
The symbiotic relationship between cattle egrets and cape buffalo is an example of A. mutualism. B. parasitism. C. commensalism. D. predation. E. competition.
E
The way in which an organism utilizes its environment may be called A. resource partitioning. B. its habitat. C. competitive exclusion. D. intraspecific competition. E. its niche.
B
Two or more unrelated but protected species resemble one another, having bright colors, thus achieving a kind of group defense. This phenomenon of similar coloration is called A. Batesian mimicry. B. Müllerian mimicry. C. aposematic coloration. D. warning coloration. E. mutualistic coloration.
C
Which statement is an accurate interpretation of the outcome in an ecosystem when a major predator is removed? A. The remaining community adjusts and quickly becomes stable. B. The diversity of the ecosystem actually increases. C. The diversity of the ecosystem decreases since there is an increase in competition. D. The diversity of the ecosystem decreases because parasites become more of a problem. E. The diversity of the ecosystem decreases because new herbivores move in.
C
f a certain insect uses a specific plant secondary substance as a signal to feed, instead of a warning to stay away, this is an example of A. failure of natural selection. B. modification of the environment. C. coevolutionary adaptation. D. reproductive strategy. E. survival of the fittest.
C
f in a relationship the organism growing on the host benefits, and the host is unharmed, the relationship is called A. parasitism. B. mutualism. C. commensalism. D. tolerance. E. predation.
