Chapter 4, 5 & 6 Worksheet - Microbiology

Some viruses live by a lytic cycle where they kill their host cell when they leave the cell. Order the events of the lytic cycle.

1. adsorption 2. penetration 3. replication of nucleic acid 4. synthesis of proteins 5. assembly 6. release through lysis

Non-motile bacteria do not have flagella, but have a shaking movement called ___________ motion.

Brownian

chromosome

DNA that contains all the information for the cell to live and reproduce

How eukaryotic cells appeared on Earth is explained by the _____________ Theory.

Endosymbiotic

Some bacteria have an unusual cell wall structure: One genus called ___________ contains a waxy substance called mycolic acid, causing it to clump together. Another genus called ____________ does not have a cell wall.

Mycobacterium Mycoplasma

The Endosymbiotic Theory includes how

a larger prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell to form the larger, more complex eukaryotic cell

inclusions

a storage structure that can contain various substances such as excess nutrients, glycogen, or gas, depending on the species

prokaryotes reproduction characteristics

asexual reproduction only cells divide through the process of binary fission

eukaryotes reproduction characteristics

asexual, sexual, or both depending on the species cells reproduce through the process of mitosis

All life can be classified into three domains. Match the domain with the type of organisms found within that domain.

bacteria - prokaryotes eukarya - eukaryotes archaea - prokaryotes

A virus is called an obligate intracellular parasite because it

can only replicate within a living cell

Which are parts of a naked virus?

capsid made of protein genome made of RNA or DNA

Cellular structures found in all prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells:

cell membrane, chromosome, ribosomes and cytoplasm

Bacteria with flagella move due to _____________, moving toward or away from a chemical.

chemotaxis

Prokaryotes bacterial shape & description:

coccus - circular or round bacillus - rectangular or rod-shaped vibrio - curved or comma-shaped coccobacillus - oval spirillum - rigid helix (corkscrew) spirochete - flexible helix (spring)

what is happening in the replication phase of the lytic cycle

copies of the viral genome are made

Flagella

ext structure used for movement

Pili

ext structure used to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another

Fimbriae

ext. structure used for attachment

Which are parts of an enveloped virus?

genome made of RNA or DNA capsid made of protein an envelope made of a membrane

what is happening in the adsorption phase of the lytic cycle

he virus binds to the host cell

The organism a virus infects (enters into) is called the ____________.

host

Characteristics of a eukaryotic cell.

large in size DNA is contained in the nucleus contains membrane-bound organelles contains ribosomes energy generation is in the mitochondria

Some viruses insert their genome into the host cell genome. When they do this, they are existing by a

lysogenic cycle

When a prion infects a host, it results in ___________ diseases.

neurological

Viruses cannot perform metabolism, make proteins, or replicate on their own, so they are

nonliving

Eukaryotic cells have specialized structures called membrane-bound organelles. Two examples are: The ___________ is the organelle that contains the chromosomes. The ___________ is the organelle where energy is generated.

nucleus mitochondria

Cell Membrane

part of cell envelope; selectively permeable important for transport of molecules in & out of cell

Cell Wall

part of cell envelope; strong, rigid structure gives cell shape

The major component of the bacterial cell wall is ____________ which is targeted by the Gram stain.

peptidoglycan

Match the flagellar arrangement with the correct picture. Remember bacteria with flagella are motile and those without are non-motile.

peritrichous - bacteria with many flagella all the way around. lophotrichous - bacteria with many flagella on one end. atrichous - bacteria with no flagella. amphitrichous - bacteria with one flagella on both ends. monotrichous - bacteria with on flagella on one end (tampon).

Which of the following are kingdoms in the domain eukarya?

plantae protista fungi animalia

A prion is another acellular entity that is unlike a virus because it is made only of ____________.

protein

Bacterial arrangement and description of picture/drawing:

singles - one circle diplococci - two circles side by side tetrad - four circles stacked in a block streptococcus - several circles in a row staphylococcus - several circles clustered (grapes) streptobacillus - several long ovals (chain) palisade - ovals standing at attention in a row

Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

small in size DNA is contained in the nucleoid region contains ribosomes energy generation is in the cell (cytoplasm and cell membrane)

plasmids

small, circular pieces of extrachromosomal DNA that gives bacteria a growth or survival advantage

For bacteria that form spores: The process of the vegetative cell forming an endospore (spore) is called ___________. The process where the vegetative cell emerges from an endospore (or spore) is called ____________.

sporulation germination

Bacterial movement occurs when the flagella moves counter-clockwise causing a ____________ and then switching to moving clockwise causing a ___________ motion, allowing the bacterium to turn.

straight run tumble

what is happening in the penetration phase of the lytic cycle

the genome of the virus enters the host cell

nucleoid region

the region of the bacterial cell where the chromosome resides

ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis

what is happening in the synthesis phase of the lytic cycle

the viral proteins are made

Which are properties of a Gram positive cell?

thick peptidoglycan layer stains purple (crystal violet)

Which are properties of a Gram negative cell?

thin peptidoglycan layer has an outer membrane stains pink (safranin)

Slime Layer

thin, less organized ext structure prevents dehydration but can also aid biofilm formation

Capsule

think, organized structure on ext of cell aids in biofilm formation & disease

Enveloped viruses differ slightly in their replication cycle in two ways: During penetration, both the capsid and nucleic acid enter the host cell. The process of _______ releases the nucleic acid from the capsid. After assembly, when the virus leaves the host cell, it will take the host membrane with it through the process of _______.

uncoating budding

All bacteria live in a growing and reproducing form called _____ cells. Some bacteria have the ability to form a dormant structure when environmental conditions change that could cause the bacteria to die. This dormant form of the bacteria is called the _____.

vegetative endospore

what is happening in the assembly phase of the lytic cycle

viral capsids are formed with the viral genome inside

what is happening in the lysis phase of the lytic cycle

viral particles are released from the cell by breaking open (and therefore killing) the host cell