Chapter 4

oceans

As the Earth cooled, the water vapor that had collected in the atmosphere fell in downpours that may have lasted over millions of years and which led to the formation of ________________. mountains volcanos the Moon oceans

Supernovas

As you learned in Unit 3, the Universe was much more chemically complex because of _____. Inflation theory Photosynthesis Volcanoes Supernovas

aging and dying stars

As you learned in Unit 3, the Universe was much more chemically complex because of _________. * the formation of stars photosynthesis neutron stars aging and dying stars

the Earth, including its composition and history.

Geology is the study of the properties and interactions of astronomical bodies. elementary forms of matter and the interactions between them. matter, energy, motion, and force. the Earth, including its composition and history.

a supernova

Ninety percent of the Earth is composed not of hydrogen and helium, but rather of other heavier elements that were created in ___________________. * the Big Bang a supernova accretion the Big Boom

a magnetic field

One byproduct of the Earth's metallic core is the fact that it creates ________________, which protects the biosphere from the Sun's powerful radiation. an ozone layer an atmosphere a magnetic field a cloud layer

False

Pluto is the outermost planet in our solar system. True False

False

The Earth in its infancy was a hospitable place for life. True False

mantle

The Earth's crust is broken up into dozens of plates, which float upon the slowly moving rock of the ________________. inner core outer core atmosphere mantle

False

The Earth's mantle is made up of a very dense metallic substance. True False

core/atmosphere

The early Earth was so hot that it melted. As it did so, the heaviest elements sank to the center, forming the Earth's _________________, while the lightest ones rose to form its ________________. * mantle/core core/atmosphere mantle/atmosphere core/mantle

Fourth

The formation of our Solar System, including Earth, marks the ________ threshold in Big History. * Second Third Fourth Fifth

True

The geological record can tell us about climate patterns on the Earth. True False

hydrogen and helium

Today, about ninety-eight percent of the atomic matter in the Universe consists of the elements ____ and ____. Carbon and Oxygen Hydrogen and Helium Silicon and Aluminum Oxygen and Nitrogen

False

True or False: Ninety percent of the Earth is composed of hydrogen and helium.

The idea of breaking history into chunks

What is periodization? Putting the proper punctuation at the end of sentences. The idea of breaking history into chunks. Two tectonic plates grinding past each other without either producing or destroying crust. An arrangement of chemical elements.

4.5 billions years ago

When did the Earth form? 13.8 billions years ago 200,000 years ago 4.5 billion years ago 10 billion years ago

rock hammer

When venturing out to study in the field, a geologist would most likely bring a _________________ with her. telescope rock hammer calculator mousetrap car

It was much closer to the sun during the archaean eon

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons the early Earth was so hot? Radiation from elements created in nearby supernovae Meteor and asteroid impacts during accretion It was much closer to the Sun during the Archaean eon Pressure generated by the process of chemical differentiation

The height of Mt. Everest

Which of the following would NOT qualify as evidence for Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift? Fossil evidence (like fossils of tropical plants discovered on Arctic islands) The shapes of the continents Similarities of geographic features (like the Appalachian mountains and Scottish Highlands) The height of Mt. Everest

Gravity and electrostatic forces

Why did the dust and other materials orbiting the early Sun begin to stick together (that is, accrete)? The melted together First and second laws of thermodynamics They froze together Gravity and electrostatic forces

An exoplanet

___________________ is a planet outside of our Solar System. An exoplanet A planetesimal A protoplanetary disk A subduction zone