丹丘 Chapter 4
Based on the developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development
Benji, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take
Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Nicole, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of her peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?
Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Nicole most likely has authoritarian parents
The term given in the text that describes siblings who are deliberately trying to be different from each other is
B) sibling deidentification
When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to:
C) get along better because they feel unique
Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called:
a sleeper effect
All of the following statements accurately reflect research on adolescent-sibling relationships, except:
adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry
Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which:
adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language
Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false
adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers
Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except
asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues
Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?
because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, authoritarian parenting may actually be beneficial for these adolescents
Changes requiring considerable adjustment for families with adolescents typically include all of the following, except:
being the central setting for their adolescent's narrow social world
Which of the following is not one of the 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting:
being too loving can be a bad thing
Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?
by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity
Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescents. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes all of the following types of discipline, except:
controlling
Research assessing the effects of stepfamilies on children's adjustment suggests that over time:
if the remarriage lasts, gender differences in adjustment disappear
Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents
increase
Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when
lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.
According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be
less mature and more conforming to their peers
Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____across ethnic groups.
less; similar
One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents
may also be experiencing identity crises of their own
One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents
may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis."
The increased bickering between parents and adolescents:
may take a toll on parents' mental health.
The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict
midlife crisis of adults
Concerns of adolescents and their parents are often complementary. All of the following issues concern both adolescents and their parents, except:
money.
Black adolescents are _____ likely to experience their parents' divorce and _____ likely to experience their remarriage.
more; less
Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______distant and _______emotionally intense
more; less
Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that
most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.
What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?
nonshared environment
Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is
not likely.
Authoritative parents value all of the following, except
obedience
Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.
older
Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?
on how to wear his hair
The text cautions against trying to determine the relationship between family characteristics and adolescent development because
parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other
When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____.
parents; friends
Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:
patterns of leisure activity
The popular notion of a generation gap has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to
personal taste
According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____.
personal; conventional
Aisha is a well-adjusted adolescent. She is least likely to say that:
she has few responsibilities at home
Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the
sleeper effect of divorce
Adolescents from divorced families frequently display all of the following negative effects, except:
social rejection as a result of stigma
With regard to single-parent families in the United States:
the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.
The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is
the degree of conflict between parents
The text states that _________ is/are the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment
the quality of their relationships at home
As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that:
their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood.
Kim lives in a poor neighborhood. As a result, Kim's mother drives her to school each morning and refuses to let her go out after dark. According to the text, Kim's mother is:
using the restrictive strategy
Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as?
violation of expectations
All of the following research examples support the notion that the environment often determines whether certain genetic tendencies are actualized, except:
A) genetic influences on sexual activity are stronger when adolescents attend schools in which a higher proportion of students are having sex at an early age B) genetic influences on antisocial behavior are stronger among adolescents who have delinquent peers C) genetic influences on depression are stronger among adolescents exposed to family conflict
When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________.
within the adolescent population; between the generations
Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems?
-depression -aggression -delinquency
According to the textbook, approximately _____ of today's teenagers will experience their parents' divorce and will spend approximately _____years in a single-parent household before turning 18.
30%; 5 years
Close to ____of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families
40%
One potential reason that Mallory and Mikey, a brother and sister growing up in the same family, have completely different personalities may be that:
A) they have very different family experiences, both through differential treatment by parents and their own perceptions of similar experiences
The field of behavior genetics examines all of the following, except
Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues
Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called:
D) sibling deidentification
Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false?
Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than nonminority adolescents to experience conflict with their parents
Which of the following adolescents is most likely to experience their parents' divorce
Jeff, a black adolescent
Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance
Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents
Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents?
Robert, a 13-year-old
Matthew and Ryan both live in single-parent households. Matthew interacts with his grandparents every day, whereas Ryan has no contact with his extended family members. Who will be more likely to engage in adolescent misbehavior?
Ryan
Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is false
Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.
Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues
Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.
Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?
Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.
Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?
The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.
Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false
Younger adolescents have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents
After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of
how much time they have left to live themselves
Which adolescent is likely to exhibit the most problems?
a 13-year-old female growing up in a stepfamily
Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?
authoritarian
Which type of parenting is the most prevalent among ethnic minorities?
authoritarian
Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are
authoritarian.
Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles
authoritative
Michelle is in late adolescence. She excels in school, holds an after-school job, and participates in community service projects on the weekends. Michelle also has lots of friends at school. Her parents most likely use which parenting style?
authoritative
Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting
authoritative
Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?
authoritative
Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if
she blames herself for her parents' problems
Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge
disequilibrium
Denise's parents have both been laid off from work and are unable to pay the bills. Denise's parents are likely to do all of the following, except:
engage in drug and alcohol abuse.
Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that:
even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.
The _____ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of Black youth.
extended family
According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment and empathy:
family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained
Disruptions in family finances lead to more
frequent conflict among fathers and sons
Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence?
gender of the adolescent
The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the
generation gap.
Current research on the effects of remarriage indicates that
girls have more problems than boys
Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience all of the following, except
greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age
According to the textbook, one recent study of Mexican-American families found __________rates of parent-adolescent cohesion during mid-adolescence among __________families
higher; more highly acculturated
Marcus feels like his parents don't care about him because they allow him to set his own rules and they seldom provide much support. He even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate they are paying attention to him. Marcus's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles?
indifferent
Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following?
indulgent
Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as:
indulgent
The belief that being on welfare has a negative impact on adolescents:
is incorrect because there are few differences in the behavior, values, and family relationships between adolescents whose families are or are not on welfare
Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are
responsive and demanding
Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?
self-perception of scholastic competence
