Chapter 4 and 5

Which theory related to dream states that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?

Activation synthesis model

If you were in a room full of people conversing but can still pick out the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon?

Cocktail party effect

A dog chews on its toy and with one bite, the toy squeaks. If the squeaking sound is reinforced, the dogs response in biting the toy is reinforced with what type of schedule?

Continuous reinforcement

What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

Exposure to sunlight

Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every five article he publishes. In the scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?

Fixed-ratio schedule

Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?

It is involuntary, automatic learning.

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parents behavior of buying the child a toy has been __

Negatively reinforced

In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments on social media to receive more "likes", this is an example of __

Reinforcement

What is the term for the habituation to a drug that includes the need for increasingly higher doses of the drug to achieve similar affect?

Tolerance

What hormone promotes sleep?

melatonin

Food and water are examples of

primary reinforcers

Kira, an eight-year old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _

somnambulism

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur

Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?

Continuity hypothesis

Some individuals who use lysergic acid diethyl-amide (LSD) have distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage. What are these experiences called?

Flashbacks

Prior to conditioning, Kofi Salivates in response to lasagna being placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?

Food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

Which of the following statements about punishment is true?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Which theory explains hypnotic events in terms of individuals ability to act as though they are hypnotized?

Role theory

Jonah is reading A book in a crowded bus. Some boy sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __

Selective attention

It is not uncommon for students to stay awake at night to prepare for an exam. If students do this for more than one consecutive night, they may have trouble learning and remembering information. What are they suffering from?

Sleep deprivation

Ashton works as a server at a local restaurant and he knows that the more tables he waits on, the better likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a __

Variable-ratio schedule

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be

Vivid

What type of brain waves are described as rapid, low amplitude brain waves that have been linked to the feeling of relaxation?

Alpha waves

Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy and made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering from hallucinations and delusions. What did Rani likely take?

An amphetamine

When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating __

Beta wave

Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called __

Habituation

Mihail suffers from a sleep disturbance that repeatedly wakes him up during the night. He frequently stops sleeping for up to 60 seconds at a time, half wakes up, starts breathing again, and then returns to sleep. What would be the best diagnosis in this case?

Sleep apnea

Paula was out on a date with her boyfriend. The song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles came on and Paula and her boyfriend shared their first kiss which she enjoyed very much. Now whenever she hears this specific song, she feels happy and excited. In this instance, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

The average amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about

90 minutes

Chicken salad sandwiches have always been a favorite of Michonne's. Her mom made her one for dinner but was unaware the manes she had sat out on the table for too long I had swelled. Michonne got very sick after eating that sandwich. Now whenever she goes into the grocery stores and sees chicken salad in the delicatessen, she feels sick to her stomach. The sick feeling she gets when seeing chicken salad is __

An unconditioned response

Gael suffers from epilepsy. Which type of drug would most likely be prescribed to treat this?

Barbiturates

Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children?

Explain the real life consequences of violence.

Mina taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In the scenario, the dogs action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called __

Generalization

These neurons help explain why behaviors like yawning and laughter seem to be "contagious".

Mirror neurons

Delilah's older sister swing. She watches how her older sister pumps her legs forward then back while swinging. Delilah gets on the swing next to her and starts to copy her sister's behavior. In this example, the older sister is the __

Model

Professor Schwiesow has four students in her class unexpectedly pop balloons resulting in a startling response in most students. In the situation the sound of the popping balloon would be considered an __

Unconditioned stimulus

It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of:

circadian rhythm

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel felt very conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __

direct inner awareness

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

flooding

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

systematic desensitization