chapter 4 bio 1500
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? -the beating of cilia or flagella - the contraction of muscle cells in animals -maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell -determining the shape of animal cells -Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell? - the nuclear envelope is a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. -Plasmadesmosomes in the nuclear envelope permit the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. -All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope. -The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. -The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is coated with laminin.
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except - ribosomes. -DNA. -an endoplasmic reticulum. -a plasma membrane. -a cell wall.
an endoplasmic reticulum.
lysosomes
autophagy macromolecule digestion
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
basal bodies
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? -Both are surrounded by a single membrane. -Both have their own DNA. -Both are found in plant and animal cells. -Both reproduce by meiosis. -Proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER.
both have their own DNA
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? - central vacuole ... storage -ribosome ... manufacture of lipids -nucleus ... cellular respiration -lysosome ... movement -mitochondrion ... photosynthesis
central vacuole ... storage
animal cell only
centriole
Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system? -Golgi apparatus -ER -plasma membrane -chloroplast -nuclear envelope
chloroplast
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in -mitochondria. -lysosomes. -chloroplasts. -nuclei. -vacuoles.
chloroplasts
plant cell only
chloroplasts cell wall central vacuole
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
chromatin
The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
desmosomes
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved -acquisition of an endomembrane system, and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi -endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria. -anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts. -an endosymbiotic fungal cell that evolved into the nucleus.
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.
gap (communication) junction
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells? -gap junctions -extracellular matrix -desmosomes -tight junctions -peroxisomes
gap junctions
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through -gap junctions. -desmosomes. -plasmodesmata. -tight junctions. -intermediate filaments.
gap juntions
produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted
golgi apparatus
both
golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane nucleus cytoskeleton mitochondria
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures? -centrioles and motor proteins -microtubules and motor proteins -actin filaments and microtubules -actin filaments and ribosomes -actin filaments and motor proteins
microtubules and motor proteins
What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER? -plasma membrane proteins -secreted proteins -mitochondrial proteins -endoplasmic reticulum proteins -extracellular matrix proteins
mitochondrial proteins
The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is
mitochondrion
Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
mitochondrion
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? -mitochondrion -vacuole -lysosome -peroxisome -Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes? -mitochondrion -Golgi apparatus -glyoxysome -peroxisome -vacuole
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? -centriole -central vacuole -chloroplast -mitochondrion -wall made of cellulose
mitochondrion
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from -any multicellular organism, such as a plant or an animal. -a bacterium. -an animal, but not a plant. -any kind of organism. -nearly any eukaryotic organism.
nearly any eukaryotic organism
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
nucleolus
The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells? -on the plasma membrane -in the cytoplasm -on the inner mitochondrial membrane -on the endoplasmic reticulum -on the inner nuclear envelope
on the plasma membrane
Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen? -vacuole -Golgi apparatus -lysosome -peroxisome -mitochondrion
peroxisome
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?
peroxisome
Mitochondria are found in _____. -animal cells only -animal cells and prokaryotic cells, but not plant cells -plant cells only -plant and animal cells -all cells
plant and animal cells
All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition? -intermediate filaments -plant cell walls -microtubules -nuclear lamina -microfilaments
plant cell walls
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that -animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated. -plant cells can have lower surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells synthesize their own nutrients. -plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. -plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm. -plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.
plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.
plasma membrane
Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells? -ribosomes -mitochondria -nuclei -plastids -none of these
plastids
When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion? -plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm vacuole -primary cell wall → plasma membrane → lysosome cytoplasm → vacuole -primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm vacuole -primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm secondary cell wall → vacuole -secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall cytoplasm → vacuole
primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm vacuole
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely -producing primarily proteins for secretion. -enlarging its vacuole. -digesting large food particles. -producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins. -constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix.
producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
golgi apparatus
protein modification and sorting cisternal maturation
rough er
protein synthesis
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? -cellulose -glycogen -proteins -nucleic acids -lipids
proteins
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? -chloroplast -ribosome -ER -mitochondrion -nuclear envelope
ribosome
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
rough ER
Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell? rough ER nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus cytoplasm mitochondria
rough er
Where is calcium stored?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
smooth er
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? -mitochondrion -the lysosome -membrane-bound ribosomes -the Golgi apparatus -the endoplasmic reticulum
the lysosome
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? -the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes -evolutionary progression in cell size; more primitive cells have smaller sizes -the need for sufficient surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs -rigid cell walls that limit cell size expansion -limitation on the strength and integrity of the plasma membrane as cell size increases
the need for sufficient surface area to support the cell's metabolic needs
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). -the outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes. -Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell, and rough ER is not. -Rough ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, whereas smooth ER is less complex.
the outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?
tight junctions
In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and -transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide. -use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide. -combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide. -transfer the hydrogen to the mitochondria.
transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a___.
transmission electron microscope
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
vacuole
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
microtubules
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
microtubules
The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic:prokaryotic cells?
1000:1
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct? -Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus; bacteria do not. -DNA is present in the mitochondria of both bacteria and archaea. -Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not. -DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria.
DNA is present in both archaea and bacteria.
A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? -Proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria. -Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. -The membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall. -Proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus. -Enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol.
Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm.
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? -ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane -ER → Golgi → nucleus -Golgi → ER → lysosomes -nucleus → ER → Golgi -ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system? -it is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope. -Its structure is not derived from the ER or Golgi. -It is not involved in protein synthesis. -It is a static structure. -It has too many vesicles.
Its structure is not derived from the ER or Golgi.
The pathway of secretory proteins:
Protein Synthesis -endoplasmic reticulum -cis golgi cisternae -medial golgi cisternae -trans golgi cisternae -plasma membrane Extracellular Space
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? -Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. -Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. -In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are used for the synthesis of secreted proteins are located outside of the cell. -The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. -Prokaryotes contain large pores in their plasma membrane that permit the movement of proteins out of the cell.
Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? - Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. -The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. -Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. -Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. -Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.
Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system.
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton. -The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components. -The cell cytoskeleton is similar to an animal skeleton in providing rigid internal support and structure to the cell. -The cell cytoskeleton serves as permanent scaffolding to anchor cell components into position within the cell cytoplasm.
The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components.
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? -They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. -They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. -They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus. -They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. -They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates.
hey are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.
In a plant cell, DNA may be found -only in the nucleus and mitochondria. -only in the nucleus. -in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. -only in the nucleus and chloroplasts. -in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? -integrins -plasmodesmata -gap junctions -the nucleus -DNA and RNA
integrins
Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by______which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.
intermediate filaments
the only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _________.
intermediate filaments
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
smooth er
lipid synthesis calcium ion storage poison detoxification
Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes? -lysosomal enzyme -ER protein -ribosomal protein -insulin -actin -DNA polymerase
lysosomal enzymes er protein insulin
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes? -chloroplast -glyoxysome -peroxisome -lysosome -central vacuole
lysosome
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
lysosome
contains hydrolytic enzymes? -Golgi apparatus -peroxisome -lysosome -mitochondrion -vacuole
lysosome
During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of _____.
microfilaments
The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of _____.
microfilaments
Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into______.
microtubules
In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are____
microtubules
