Chapter 4 Biomechanics

How do bones typically respond to stress? a. atrophy b. hypertrophy c. no change d. impossible to predict

b. hypertrophy

Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what? a. periosteum b. osteoblasts c. osteoclasts d. epiphysis

b. osteoblasts

The tarsals are examples of what type of bones? a. long bones b. short bones c. flat bones d. irregular bones

b. short bones

Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length? a. stress b. strain c. strength d. elasticity

b. strain

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton? a. the skull b. the humerus c. the sternum d. all

b. the humerus

Which of the following statements are true regarding the strength of a bone? a. cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone b. trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone c. both d. neither

c. both

Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true? a. longitudinal growth continues only as long as epiphyses exist b. circumferential growth continues throughout most of lifespan c. both d. neither

c. both

Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress? a. tensile stress b. shear stress c. compressive stress d. none

c. compressive stress

Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following? a. bed ridden patients b. astronauts c. tennis players d. both a and b e. all

d. both a and b

Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility? a. water b. calcium carbonate c. calcium phosphate d. collagen

d. collagen

Which of the following is an example of a flat bone? a. talus b. maxilla c. radius d. scapula

d. scapula

Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude? a. spiral b. impacted c. depressed d. stress

d. stress

Which of the following is an irregular bone? a. radius b. rib c. femur d. vertebrae

d. vertebrae

The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of total bone weight? a. 5-10% b. 15-20% c. 25-30% d. 40-50%

c. 25-30%

A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what? a. simple fracture b. compound fracture c. avulsion fracture d. spiral fracture

c. avulsion fracture

What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity? a. bone mass increases b. bone modeling c. bone mass decreases d. none

c. bone mass decreases

When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot what type of fracture is likely in the tibia? a. spiral b. impacted c. depressed d. stress

a. spiral

Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity? a. cortical b. trabecular c. spongy d. all

b. trabecular

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? a. skull b. vertebrae c. sternum d. all

d. all