Chapter 4, Chapter 6, Sociology Chapter 9, Sociology Chapter 7
Once a person's identity has been spoiled by being labeled deviant or criminal, there is nothing they can do about it.
False
Serafina is a political elite in an agrarian culture and, as such, has the resources to support and enjoy the arts while most other members of the culture focus on growing food. Serafina can be considered a member of the popular culture.
False
Status refers to expectations about how a person should think, feel, and behave.
False
Stereotypes can stem from prejudice, which are predetermined ideas about groups of people
False
Su Lin has a reputation for breaking the rules. Because of this, she doesn't mind getting into trouble, and she decided to punch a peer after she became angry. This is an example of primary deviance.
False
The "one-drop rule" indicates that, through U.S. history, racial labels were never determined by one's heritage.
False
The tax plan that Congress enacted in 2018 resulted in everyone paying less in taxes.
False
the results of which event allowed White people to once again dominate political power in the South and lead to the establishment of Jim Crow laws?
Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877
How was Durkheim able to conclude that characteristics of society matter for deviance, including suicide?
He saw some countries had consistently high rates of suicide while others were consistently low.
Which piece of legislation worked to abolish national immigration quotas and did much to increase immigration and alter the racial makeup of the United States?
Immigration Act of 1965
Which country has a caste system?
India
Most Native Americans receive their health care through the federal government's ______.
Indian Health Service
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these would be considered material culture?
Jewelry, Car
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Role engulfment is reflected in which of the following situations?
Jolandis can't find a date who will overlook his status as a drug distributor. Lenders won't give Rae a loan because of his criminal background. Carlie's criminal background is preventing her from finding a job.
Which person is committing an act of primary deviance?
No one saw Georgia take the lipstick without paying for it.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What statement(s) would describe a society in a state of anomie?
People look the other way as stores are looted. The streets are in chaos as citizens riot against police.
Which statement best describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice is irrational feelings toward groups, and discrimination is unfair treatment of groups.
Which statement most accurately describes the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race is socially constructed, while ethnicity refers to shared cultural heritage.
President Trump's economic policies are closest to which former American president's economic policies?
Ronald Reagan
A mother of a high school student wants a teacher fired for inappropriately touching his students. What is the most effective thing the parent can do to generate awareness of this problem?
Show evidence of the act that cannot be construed as anything less than deviant.
______ refers to the way valuable goods and desired intangibles are distributed in society.
Social stratification
Which statement about company CEOs is the most accurate?
The addition of stock to compensation marked a big change in the disparity between CEOs' and workers' incomes.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What is suggested by Oscar Lewis's culture of poverty thesis?
The poor could move out of poverty if they worked harder. Conditions of deprivation create cultural responses geared to survival.
When the Founders wrote the Constitution, it was during a time of deep divisions between the southern slave holding states and the northern states. One of the issues was representation in the House of Representatives: should slaves be counted as citizens even though they couldn't vote? It resulted in the ______.
Three-Fifths Compromise
Amber believes that people should not be allowed to smoke cigarettes. She spends her free time passing out anti-smoking pamphlets and educating the public about lung cancer in an effort to change norms to align with her own worldview. Amber could be described as a moral entrepreneur.
True
Betty is bringing a bottle of wine to share at her friend's dinner party because she knows it is an appropriate and expected behavior for the situation. This is an example of a social norm.
True
Charlize sends her children to private school, enrolls them in swim lessons at the country club, and arranges playdates only with other children of high socioeconomic status. This demonstrates social class reproduction.
True
Cho can accurately interpret the cues of others and behave appropriately in various situations. Due to these skills, Cho is considered to have high social intelligence.
True
Cultural knowledge is important in both personal and professional areas of your life.
True
Cultural universals mean all human groups do some of the same things, but each group does those things in unique ways.
True
Culture includes characteristics that make certain groups distinct from others.
True
If there is no consensus on what is unacceptable or abnormal, deviance doesn't exist.
True
In the legalistic approach, any violation of the law is deviant.
True
Kristen moved to Kenya to be a missionary. She was surprised to learn that she would be living in a tent-like structure with no running water or electricity. These things are elements of material culture.
True
Suppose a person with a criminal background tries to behave in a way that makes them seem more likeable in an effort to overcome stigma. This is an example of the compensatory strategy called increased positivity.
True
The development of the word hangry exemplifies the social construction of language.
True
The more money you have, the better your health will be and the longer you are likely to live.
True
Those with high fiscal capital often have better access to money and the things it can buy than those with low fiscal capital.
True
Which country ranks first on the Gini coefficient of income inequality?
United States
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Suppose a person has exhibited deviant behavior. Which source(s) would be capable of giving a formal sanction for the offense?
a government agent a police officer
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these are likely to be invisible stigmas?
a mental illness sexual orientation
A man who was accused of spousal abuse said he did nothing wrong because "she asked for it." He is justifying his behavior by using ______.
a technique of neutralization
Which of Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's frames of the colorblind perspective on race occurs when a person agrees that everyone should have the same rights but opposes policies toward achieving this goal?
abstract liberalism
Which is/are considered a pull factor driving immigration?
access to safe housing in the second country job opportunities in the second country
Recently, instances of hate crimes have increased significantly and hate messages are becoming more prevalent on social media. Some might say that society has normalized this behavior so that it is no longer deviant. If indeed segments of society have lost their moral force, Durkheim would posit that they are in a state of ______.
anomie
Calloway asked the judge to consider his reason for robbing the grocery store: to feed his children. Which technique of neutralization did Calloway attempt?
appeal to higher loyalties
Most people in the United States today make a determination about a person's race based on ______.
appearenance
Which of the following elements is considered material culture?
artifacts
According to Durkheim, the main function of punishment is to ______.
assert our shared values
When Maggie's parents found out her new boyfriend had a criminal record, they were very concerned. He explained to them that it happened when he was very young and he was a different person now. He had finished college and gotten a good job, and he volunteered every week at the homeless shelter. What was the boyfriend using to assuage Maggie's parents' fears?
compensatory strategies
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these are examples of managing invisible stigmas?
concealment fabrication
Ana is discussing ways to address racial discrimination with her friend Harry. Which of the following are topics they would likely discuss?
connecting with people of other racial and ethnic groups, holding leaders accountable for patters of inequality, calling out microaggressions
In an industrial society, as certain products become more widely available, ______ culture begins.
consumer
Correctly arrange the four steps in Robert Park's assimilation process.
contact, conflict, accomodation, assimulation
Rodrick belongs to a group that lives "off the grid" because its members believe the government wants to take away all their rights. Which term best describes Rodrick's group?
counterculture
People who hop over turnstiles at subway stations to avoid paying fare are regularly punished by the police. Some believe this rule is upheld by the wealthy to oppress the poor, a view that aligns with the ______ perspective.
critical
"Influencers" on social media are people who have the capacity to convince people that their ideas, style, fashion, etc. will make them more popular, knowledgeable, or wealthy. This kind of influence is called ______.
cultural capital
After the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center fell, many people said they valued their lives more and complained less about the little things. Historical events can impact people's ______ even if the event doesn't directly affect all individuals.
cultural heritage
Franz Boas espoused the idea of ______ when he said that different societies were not better or worse than others, just different.
cultural relativism
Most cultures have their own art, song, and dance, among other things. George Murdock called these elements ______.
cultural universals
Troy was convicted of assaulting a peer at a party and claims the act was accidental and caused by alcohol being involved. Which technique of neutralization did Troy use?
denial of responsibility
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are considered techniques of neutralization?
denial of victim appeal to higher loyalties
When Joe interviews applicants for a job, he automatically excludes anyone who is not White. This best demonstrates ______.
discrimination
As a common person, Horatio is unable to vote. That right is reserved only for clergymen, nobility, and other members of high social groups. In which type of system does Horatio most likely live?
estate system
Vaishnavi is an Indian American student who shares the same language, nation of origin, and religion as her Indian American peers. This best refers to Vaishnavi's ______.
ethnicity
Declan was born and raised in Scotland, and he believes that Scottish culture is better than all other cultures around the world. This is an example of ______.
ethnocentrism
People who believe that immigrants from certain cultures are inferior and will ruin their culture if they are allowed to immigrate are showing a high degree of ______.
ethnocentrism
About three fourths of all people in the United States are middle class.
false
Automation and globalization have increased the number of middle-class jobs in the United States.
false
Discrimination does not occur without prejudice or at least intent.
false
From 1970 to 2016, the earnings of those in lower classes increased at a much more rapid rate than the earnings of those in the top class.
false
Lower income students tend to have higher test scores than wealthy students have.
false
Racial discrimination is always intentional.
false
The European Union has a lower poverty rate than the United States. This is due, in part, to the fact that the EU has lower tax rates than the United States.
false
The concept of a meritocracy is infallible because it ensures that everyone will have access to the same resources.
false
Marx wrote that the members of the working class may not realize that they are working toward the interests of the owners and not their own, so they continue to support the system. Marx called this ______.
false consciousness
What two steps are required in order to create public morality?
generating awareness and moral conversion
Children from ______-income areas often go to better schools and are more likely to graduate from college than children from other communities.
high
A person who has the resources to obtain an education and purchase high-quality clothing is said to have ______.
high cultural capital
Compared to other nations, to which stratification category does the United States belong?
high-income countries
Dwayne and his family lived on a small plot of land and worked hard every day to grow enough food to survive. Since most of their time was spent farming, Dwayne's family had little time for personal development and hobbies. In which type of society did Dwayne live?
horticultural/pastoral
Which society was the first to have specialization, with people sharing the tasks of community life?
horticultural/pastoral
Which type of group lacks the stability of place and time?
hunter-gatherers
Labeling theory relies on the idea that is the gist of the Thomas Theorem, which is ______.
if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What is used as a basis in determining social class?
income, education, occupation
Which type of society relies on technology to produce goods and food?
industrial
If a White person and a Black person both apply for a mortgage at the same bank, and both have the same credit histories, the White person is much more likely to be approved. The banks may justify this by saying that historically, White people have a better history of making payments, but according to the text, it is really ______.
institutional discrimination
RJ attends a school where most students are people of color. Since funding for the school relies on local taxes, and most people living in the community are of low socioeconomic status, RJ's school receives less funding than schools in predominantly White communities. This best exemplifies ______.
institutional discrimination
Bartolome grew up in a poor family with limited access to social resources, but he was able to attend college and land a high-paying job. Bartolome and his children are now members of the upper class. Which type of mobility does this best exemplify?
intergenerational
Which action is violating a folkway?
interrupting someone
Courts found the Trump administration's travel ban unconstitutional because ______.
it included only muslim majority nations
Which characteristic(s) tend(s) to relate to negative views toward Muslim immigrants?
lack of interaction with Muslims Christian identity lower education levels
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis focuses on how ______ influences our understanding of reality.
language
Vai didn't think anyone would mind if she took a box of paper clips from the office home with her. Under the ______ approach, this is considered deviant.
legalistic
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as ______.
linguistic relativism
Bryant is unable to stop stealing from convenience stores, so he has been diagnosed with kleptomania and is seeing a therapist. In the past, Bryant would have simply been jailed. What does this best exemplify?
medicalization of deviance
Salvatore works as a pediatrician and Zachary works in a fast-food restaurant. Salvatore earns more money than Zachary, because society deems doctors to be more important than fast-food workers. Which term best describes the society in which Salvatore and Zachary live?
meritocracy
in a debate with her peers about racial inequality, Maura said, "Well, slavery was abolished way back in 1865 and racism isn't as prevalent as it once was." Which of the four themes in the color-blind perspective does Maura's view best demonstrate?
minimization
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these circumstances is a result of income inequality?
more income segregation in schools and public services declining opportunities for class mobility negative health outcomes
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination by landlords and property owners on the basis of ______.
race and national origin
Lian is Chinese American and Aiko is Japanese. They share the same ______.
racial label
Carl is a White man who believes White people are superior to all other groups. Which concept does this best demonstrate?
racism
Which of these is a common folkway in the United States?
raising your hand in class before speaking
The perspective that maintains that deviance is socially constructed and subjective is the ______ perspective.
relativist
Elton Harvard III went to an exclusive private school and Ivy League college, where he met his wife. Now their three children attend the same private school. This demonstrates the concept of ______.
social class reproduction
The statuses, roles, and traits that we have are our ______.
social identities
Social intelligence and cultural capital are components of our ______.
social identity
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these was included in Weber's view of class position?
social status wealth human capital
Donar was raised by two parents who paid for his college and graduate school. He is now a successful entrepreneur in the technology field. Ali and his parents emigrated to the United States when he was in school, and they own a small grocery in an underdeveloped neighborhood. Ali works there part time. These two men have different social statuses due to their circumstances. This is called ______
social stratification
Suppose someone justified throwing a cigarette butt on the ground by saying "everybody does it." Which approach to defining deviance does this demonstrate?
statistical
The average salary of women in Nadia's company is $55,000. Nadia, however, makes $215,000. You could say that Nadia's salary is deviant using the ______ approach.
statistical
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to Max Weber, which traits determine a person's socioeconomic status or social standing?
status, class
Suppose a new educational technology product makes it easier to obtain a degree online and gain high-paying employment, leading to increased membership in the middle and upper classes. Which type of mobility would this best exemplify?
structural
In a public school, the teachers could be considered ______.
subculture
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What factors contribute to the increasing economic inequality in the United States?
technology, globalization, declining power of unions
Bobby loves his online video games. He plays with his friends every day for hours. In fact, if you asked him, he would probably say he couldn't live without them. This belief demonstrates the concept of ______.
the social construction of reality
According to Durkheim, people must be allowed to do what they do best for the good of society for society to function effectively.
true
Among all racial and ethnic groups, Asian Americans have the highest levels of inequality in the United States.
true
Class-based systems offer the most mobility compared to other systems of stratification.
true
Of the minority groups, Asian Americans tend to have the lowest unemployment rates and highest levels of education and income.
true
The Human Genome Project has shown that there are more genetic differences within racial groups than between them.
true
The presidential election of 2016 led to a backlash against minority groups and an increase in hate crimes.
true
Using a sociological eye will help you notice patterns of racial inequality and make you better capable of holding leaders in your community accountable for addressing them.
true
Carlos's parents, who didn't finish high school, worked extra jobs to be able to afford to send him to college. After he graduated, he made more money than his father did and was quickly promoted several times. Carlos experienced ______ mobility.
upward
Freedom is something to be upheld and cherished by society" could best be described as a ______.
value
Cristobal owns $500,000 worth of assets and has $50,000 in student loan debt. Therefore, Cristobal's ______ is $450,000.
wealth
Who is often seen as a founder of sociology and transformed the scientific study of deviance in the late 19th century?
Émile Durkheim
Which statement best demonstrates the naturalization theme of the color-blind perspective on race?
"We are biologically programmed to segregate along the lines of race."
Individuals who earn less than approximately ______ per year are below the poverty level according to the federal government.
$12,000
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statement(s) describe the concept of absolute value?
A baseball is valued at around $5. A record player is valued at around $100.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which behavior(s) would be considered deviant using the normative approach?
A child belches in public and is given judgmental reactions from strangers. A man accidentally bumps into a stranger and apologizes. A teenager cuts in line at a grocery store and is reprimanded by other shoppers.
Which statement(s) about racial disparities in the criminal justice system is/are true?
Black people are more likely than White people to face arrests for drug charges. White people are just as likely as Black people to use and sell illegal drugs. Black people are more likely than members of other races to be removed from a jury.
What was the result of Ronald Reagan's "trickle down" approach to economic policy?
Corporations invested in nations with cheaper workforces leading to deindustrialization.
Which statement best characterizes the concept of cultural relativism?
Cultures cannot be ranked as better or worse than others.
Cheryl believes that smoking marijuana is an inherently deviant behavior even though it is becoming socially accepted and legal in some states. Cheryl possesses a relativist perspective on deviant behavior.
False
Darla's grandmother left her a glass vase that she had received as a wedding gift. Darla loved her grandmother and wouldn't sell the vase for a million dollars, she said. Darla's feelings about the vase represent the absolute value of the object.
False
Deviance has been considered to be a socially learned behavior throughout all of history.
False
Durkheim argued that deviance and crime are the undoing of civilized society.
False
Durkheim argued that the presence of external inequality--like racial discrimination--in an industrial society serves an important function.
False
Durkheim held that deviant behavior is dysfunctional.
False
In the United States, it tends to take an individual three generations to advance from low income to middle class.
False
