Chapter 4: Climate Change

Which of the following ion combinations will result in an ionic compound that has a balanced number of positive and negative charges? (Select all that apply.)

Ca2+ and 2 F - Na+ and Br - 2 Li+ and S2-

The chemistry of carbon-based compounds is called ______ chemistry.

Organic

Which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?

Burning fossil fuels

Match each element with the appropriate charge in its ionic form.

Cl ----> -1 Sr ----> +2 S ----> -2 Al ----> +3

Which of the following ion combinations will result in an ionic compound that has a balanced number of positive and negative charges?

Na+ and Br - 2 Li+ and S2- Ca2+ and 2 F -

Which of the following are considered possible effects of climate change?

Rise in sea levels An increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases Changes in freshwater distribution

Which of the following can be attributed to the atmosphere of planet Earth?

The Earth's average temperature is higher than expected when considering its distance from the Sun.

Which of the following conclusions were reached by the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)? Select all that apply.

The average global temperature of the Earth is increasing. Human activities play an important role in climate change. The burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change.

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by Group 1 and Group 2 elements?

The metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

When naming an ionic compound, the _____ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix _____.

cation; -ide

Small changes in the average global temperatures are expected to have a(n) _______ impact on our climate.

huge

In chemistry, the mole _______.

is abbreviated mol indicates amount of substance

Electronegativity generally increases _______ on the periodic table, excluding noble gases.

up and to the right

Match each metal ion to the correct Roman numeral that would be used when naming an ionic compound when appropriate.

(III) ----> Fe3+ (II) ----> Cr2+ none ----> Zn2+ (I) ----> Cu+

What charge will the ion formed from barium have?

+2

In the compound MgO, the Mg ion has a charge of _____, while the O ion has a charge of _____.

+2; -2

Correctly order the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

1. Determine the number of outer electrons associated with each atom in the molecule. 2. arrange the outer electrons in pairs, ensuring that all atoms other than hydrogen obey the octet rule. 3. Determine the shape of the molecule by examining the position of the bonding and nonbonding of electron pairs with respect to each other.

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by a main-group element?

A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

What is meant by the term "carbon footprint" when applied to an individual?

An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by the individual in a given time frame

Which of the following options correctly describe the greenhouse effect? Select all that apply.

Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet. The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun. The greenhouse effect is a natural process.

Anion

Atoms that gain an electron become negatively charged and are called anions. An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom.

Cations

Atoms that lose an electron become positively charged and are called cations. An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom.

Which of the following formulas for ionic compounds are correct?

Ca3N2 CaO

Describe an ionic compound?

Compounds that contain no molecules. Compounds formed when metals combine with nonmetals.

In the compound CrCl3 _______.

Cr has a +3 charge Cl has a -1 charge

Which of the following options correctly describes the underlying principle used to determine molecular shape from a Lewis structure?

Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.

The most electronegative element is _______.

Fluorine

Describe the correct format used to represent a chemical compound.

In the formula of an ionic compound the cation is always placed first. The number of atoms/ions in the formula is indicated by a subscript.

Describe ions.

Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. F- is an example of an anion.

Which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming?

Levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases

Describe each type of chemical compound.

Molecular compounds tend to contain nonmetals only. Nonmetals combine with metals to form ionic compounds.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the mole? Select all that apply.

One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles. The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number.

Which of the following human activities increase the levels of atmospheric CO2?

Replacing trees with cultivated crops Respiration Burning fossil fuels

Which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth's climate?

Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly. Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth.

Which of the following are three-dimensional representations of a molecule? Select all that apply.

Space-filling model Wedge-dash representation

What was the role of the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), established in 1988?

The IPCC was to assess both scientific and socioeconomic data relating to climate change.

Which of the following options correctly describe the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule? Select all that apply.

The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn first. The shape of the molecule is dictated by the most stable arrangement of the outer electron pairs. Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered.

Which of the following options correctly describe albedo? Select all that apply.

The albedo of the Earth affects global temperatures. A more reflective surface will have a higher albedo than a less reflective one. Albedo is the fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface.

Positive

The charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom.

Negative

The charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom.

Consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. Which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula?

The compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion. The cation in this compound is Na+.

Which of the following correctly describe how Roman numerals are used in naming and writing chemical formulas?

The ion designated Fe(III) has a charge of +3. A Roman numeral is included for any metal that can form more than one monatomic cation.

Select the options that correctly reflect the mass ratios and mass percentages of the elements in SO3.

The mass percentage of O is 60.0%. The mass ratio of S is 0.400.

Which of the following statements correctly describe molar mass? Select all that apply.

The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of 16.00 g. The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per mole of its molecules.

Describe the procedure used to predict the ion formed by nonmetal elements in Groups 15, 16, and 17?

The nonmetal gains enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

Organic chemistry is _______.

The study and production of carbon-containing compounds.

Which of the following options correctly differentiate between weather and climate? Select all that apply.

Weather includes daily variations in temperature and rainfall at a single location. The term "weather" refers to events that have a relatively short duration. The term "climate" refers to regional trends in temperatures, rainfall, etc.

Describe how to name an ionic compound.

When naming the anionic portion of the ionic compound, the element name is changed to end in -ide. The cation is named first and the anion second.

The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the _______. This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.

albedo

Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because _____.

both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation

Match each type of bond to the correct description given.

covalent bond ----> attraction between two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons ionic bond ----> attraction between oppositely charged ions

An estimate of the biologically productive space necessary to support a particular standard of living is called a(n) _____.

ecological footprint

Greenhouse gases have a _____ effect on global warming than other anthropogenic forcings.

greater

The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Multiple choice question.

greenhouse; higher

In a(n) _____ compound electrons are transferred from one atom or group of atoms to another. Conversely, in a(n) _____ compound electrons are shared.

ionic; covalent

Nonbonding electron pairs are also referred to as ________ pairs.

lone

In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will ______ electrons and a nonmetal will ______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest ______ gas.

lose; gain; noble

Chemists use the _____ as a unit of amount of substance.

mole

One _____ of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles.

mole

The molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 ______ of the particles of that substance.

mole

The most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the ______ electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron _______.

outer; repulsion