Chapter 4-Disorders

____________________is the most common disorder in the united states.

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in the United States.

According to Albert Ellis , people hold these Basic Irrational Assumptions

"It is a dire necessity for an adult human being to be loved or approved of by virtually every significant other person in his community." "It is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way one would very much like them to be." "If something is or may be dangerous or fearsome, one should be terribly concerned about it and should keep dwelling on the possibility of its occurring." "One should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects if one is to consider oneself worthwhile."

According to freud who is at a higher risk of developing GAD

1-According to Freud, when a child is overrun by neurotic or moral anxiety, the stage is set for generalized anxiety disorder. (needs not met in a appropriate manner) 2-a child's ego defense mechanisms may be too weak to cope with even normal levels of anxiety. (overprotective parents)

Balck american are ----% more likely to deve;lop GAD then white americans

30

Family pedigree study:

A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.

GAD as explained through -The Sociocultural Perspective: Societal and Multicultural Factors

According to the sociocultural view, societal dangers, economic stress, or related racial and cultural pressures may create a climate in which cases of generalized anxiety disorder are more likely to develop.

GAD-Biological theorist Gad results from Common biological treatment What other treatment might work as well?

Biological theorists hold that generalized anxiety disorder results from low activity of the neurotransmitter GABA. A common biological treatment is antianxiety drugs. Certain antidepressant drugs and antipsychotic drugs may also be of help. Relaxation training and biofeedback are also applied in many cases.

GAD-Humanistic theory,Leading humanistic theorist said _____________________

Carl Rogers, the leading humanistic theorist, believed that people with generalized anxiety disorder fail to receive unconditional positive regard from significant others during their childhood and so become overly critical of themselves. He treated such individuals with client-centered therapy.

Realistic anxiety

Children feel realistic anxiety when they face actual danger;

GAD- Cognitive theorist -Caused by, treated by

Cognitive theorists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is caused by maladaptive assumptions and beliefs. Many cognitive theorists further believe that implicit beliefs about the power and value of worrying are particularly important in the development and maintenance of this disorder. Cognitive therapists help their clients to change such thinking and to find more effective ways of coping during stressful situations.

Sara lives in the War torn area of Afganistan. She feels a high level of tension, anxiety, and fatigue and the sleep disturbances According to the social cultural perspective Sara is likely suffereing from

GAD

GAD-original psycho dynamic perspective and todays psychodynamic perspective

In the original psychodynamic explanation, Freud said that generalized anxiety disorder may develop when anxiety is excessive and defense mechanisms break down and function poorly. Psychodynamic therapists use free association, interpretation, and related psychodynamic techniques to help people overcome this problem.

Gerald a recent immigrant (Hispanic) compains that he is suffering from nervios

Hispanics in both the United States and Latin America suffer from nervios ("nerves"), a pattern that bears great similarity to generalized anxiety disorder

Anxiety disorder affects ____% of the population. DATA USA

In any given year around 18 percent of the adult population suffer from one or another of the anxiety disorders identified by DSM-5, while close to 29 percent of all people develop one of the disorders at some point in their lives

Two kinds of cognitive approaches are used in cases of generalized anxiety disorder.

In one, based on the pioneering work of Ellis and Beck, therapists help clients change the maladaptive assumptions that characterize their disorder. In the other, new-wave cognitive therapists help clients to understand the special role that worrying may play in their disorder and to change their views about and reactions to worrying.

People with this phobia have a persistent and irrational fear of a particular object, activity, or situation.

Specific phobia

Initially, cognitive theorists suggested that generalized anxiety disorder is primarily caused by

Maladaptive Assumptions

Comobidity with anxiety disorder

Most individuals with one anxiety disorder suffer from a second one as well People with one anxiety disorder usually experience another as well, either simultaneously or at another point in their lives.

In recent decades, important discoveries by brain researchers have offered clearer evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors. Talk about he prominent discovery in the 1950's

One of the first such discoveries was made in the 1950s, when researchers determined that benzodiazepines, the family of drugs that includes alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and diazepam (Valium), provide relief from anxiety.

This % seeks treatment for this disorder.

Only around one-fifth of these individuals seek treatment

people with ___________ have recurrent attacks of terror.

Panic disorder

This is described as free-floating anxiety

People with generalized anxiety disorder experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything. In fact, their problem is sometimes described as free-floating anxiety

nervios

People with nervios experience enormous emotional distress, somatic symptoms such as headaches and stomachaches, so-called brain aches marked by poor concentration and nervousness, and symptoms of irritability, tearfulness, and trembling.

One of the most powerful forms of societal stress is poverty. How does poverty increase, maintain and -social cultural perspective

People without financial means are likely to live in rundown communities with high crime rates, have fewer educational and job opportunities, and run a greater risk for health problems.

conditions of worth

Rogers believed that children who fail to receive unconditional positive regard from others may become overly critical of themselves and develop harsh self-standards, what Rogers called conditions of worth.

social cultural perspective -Jessie is a african american living in america, will she have a higher chance of deveoling GAD and why

Since race is closely tied to stress in the United States (related to discrimination, low income, and reduced job opportunities), it is not surprising that it too is sometimes tied to the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder

Studies have in fact found that biological relatives of persons with generalized anxiety disorder are more likely than nonrelatives to have the

Studies have in fact found that biological relatives of persons with generalized anxiety disorder are more likely than nonrelatives to have the disorder

How did researches determine the effects of benzodiazepines on reduction of anxiety.

The development of radioactive techniques enabled researchers to pinpoint the exact sites in the brain that are affected by benzodiazepines. Certain neurons have receptors that receive the benzodiazepines, just as a lock receives a key.

todays psychodynamic theorist disagree with frueds thinking but agree with what aspect of Freuds theory

Today's psychodynamic theorists often disagree with specific aspects of Freud's explanation for generalized anxiety disorder. Most continue to believe, however, that the disorder can be traced to inadequacies in the early relationships between children and their parents

The approach, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, was developed by psychologist Steven Hayes and his colleagues as part of their broader treatment approach called ____________. therapist help client to become aware of their

acceptance and commitment therapy- Here therapists help clients to become aware of their streams of thoughts, including their worries, as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind. By accepting their thoughts rather than trying to eliminate them, the clients are expected to be less upset and affected by them.

People with_____________fear traveling to public places such as stores or movie theaters.

agoraphobia

The avoidance theory, developed by researcher Thomas Borkovec, suggests that people with this disorder have greater

bodily arousal (higher heart rate, perspiration, respiration) than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal, perhaps by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant physical feelings

intolerance of uncertainty theory,

certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of occurrence is very small.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has also been applied to a range of other psychological problems, such as

depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and substance use disorders, often with promising results

Psychodynamic therapists use the same general techniques to treat all psychological problems:

free association and the therapist's interpretations of transference, resistance, and dreams. Freudian psychodynamic therapists use these methods to help clients with generalized anxiety disorder become less afraid of their id impulses and more successful in controlling them. Other psychodynamic therapists, particularly object relations therapists, use them to help anxious patients identify and settle the childhood relationship problems that continue to produce anxiety in adulthood

People with this disorder experience general and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

although research studies show that people particularly likely to use defencse mechanism(repressin,defensiveness), display high levels of anxiety (due to suppression of id impulses);however, these may also be influenced by

hen people have difficulty talking about upsetting events early in therapy, for example, they are not necessarily repressing those events. They may be focusing purposely on the positive aspects of their lives, or they may be too embarrassed to share personal negative events until they develop trust in the therapist.

Humanistic theorists propose that generalized anxiety disorder, like other psychological disorders, arises when people stop looking at themselves

honestly and acceptingly. Repeated denials of their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior make these people extremely anxious and unable to fulfill their potential as human beings.

Albert Ellis, for example, proposed that many people are guided by ( BIA)

irrational beliefs that lead them to act and react in inappropriate ways (Ellis, 2014, 2002, 1962). Ellis called these Basic Irrational Assumptions, and he claimed that people with generalized anxiety disorder often hold the following ones:

Since the time of Ellis' and Beck's initial proposals, researchers have repeatedly found that people with generalized anxiety disorder do indeed hold

maladaptive assumptions, particularly about dangerousness

This cognitive approach borrows heavily from a form of meditation called

mindfulness meditation, which teaches people to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that flow through their mind during meditation and to accept such thoughts in a nonjudgmental way

moral anxiety

moral anxiety when they are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses.

In Ellis' technique of rational-emotive therapy, therapists point out the irrational assumptions held by clients, suggest

more appropriate assumptions, and assign homework that gives the clients practice at challenging old assumptions and applying new ones

Neurotic anxiety

neurotic anxiety when they are repeatedly prevented, by parents or by circumstances, from expressing their id impulses;

In recent years, several new explanations for generalized anxiety disorder, sometimes called the _____-____explanations, have emerged.

new-wave cognitive

Anxiety also plays a major role in a different group of problems, called

obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.

metacognitive theory-Adrian Wells

people who implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying

Psychodynamic perspective and the three types of anxiety as dictated by Sigmund frued. According to freud who is at a higher risk of developing GAD

realistic anxiety neurotic anxiety moral anxiety

Controlled studies have typically found psychodynamic treatments to be of only modest help to persons with generalized anxiety disorder . An exception to this trend is

short-term psychodynamic therapy which has in some cases significantly reduced the levels of anxiety, worry, and social difficulty of patients with this disorder.

Cognitive theorist Aaron Beck argued that people with generalized anxiety disorder constantly hold

silent assumptions (for example, "A situation or a person is unsafe until proven to be safe" or "It is always best to assume the worst") that imply they are in imminent danger

Those with ___________ are intensely afraid of social or performance situations in which they may become embarrassed.

social anxiety disorder

Although research does suggest that client-centered therapy is usually more helpful to anxious clients than no treatment,

the approach is only sometimes superior to placebo therapy

Practitioners of Rogers' treatment approach, client-centered therapy (also called person-centered therapy), try to show

unconditional positive regard for their clients and to empathize with them.