Chapter 4: From Colonies to States, 1607 - 1776

Identify one of the reasons the number of French colonists in Canada were much lower than the number of British and Dutch colonists in North America.

1627, the French government ordered that only Catholics could live in New France. As a result of the restriction on immigration, fewer colonists moved to New France.

Acts brought forth by British Prime Minister George Grenville.

1764 Sugar Act (American Revenue Act) 1764 Currency Act 1765 Quartering Act 1765 Stamp Act

Salutary Neglect

A period of loosely enforced trade restrictions in the American colonies. Before the British adopted a mercantilist policy toward the colonies, smuggling was rampant and it was difficult to enforce laws in their North American holdings

Mercantilism

A political and economic policy enabling the government to take control of all economic activities. Most European monarchs used mercantilism to support their global empires. Colonies supplied raw materials to the parent country and became a ready market for the goods the parent country produced.

1765 Stamp Act

Affected all colonist, and was the first effort to put a direct tax on American goods and services, rather than an external tax on imports and exports. Required colonists to purchase stamped paper for virtually every possible use: newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, deeds, licenses, insurance policies, college diplomas, playing cards.

Describe how after the French and Indian War the British tightened their control over the colonies, and then summarize the colonial responses.

After the French and Indian War in 1763, Britain needed to pay the debts generated by the conflict, so the English Crown decided to enforce the Navigation Acts that had been in place for decades. They also passed new laws, including the Sugar Act and Tea Act.

In 1686, Sir Edmund Andros was appointed royal governor of the British colonies in New England and sent to this city to rule.

Boston King James II reorganized all New England colonies into a single colony called the Dominion of New England. Andros strictly enforced unpopular legislation like the Navigation Acts and punished American smugglers who violated the law.

Why were the Townshend Acts such a significant threat to colonial assemblies

Charles Townshend, planned to use revenue from the tax to pay royal governors. Which would raise taxes on colonies, while at the same time free the royal governors from their financial dependency on colonial assemblies.

Describe how colonial women contributed to colonial resistance of the Stamp Act?

Colonial women organized intro groups called the Daughters of Liberty. These groups supported the nonimportation. The helped support the boycott of British goods by making products in the colonies, rather than import them from Britain.

1764 Currency Act

Colonist are prohibited from printing paper money, all payments for British goods in gold or silver coins, or a commodity like tobacco. Caused value of existing colonial paper money to plummet and dried up American commerce. The Currency Act prohibited colonies from printing more paper money and stipulated all payments for British goods had to be in coins or commodities.

1765 Quartering Act

Colonists were required to provide food and shelter for the British troops. Grenville believed the colonists needed to contribute to the cost of keeping British troops in the colonies to defend against Native Americans.

Compare the colonization practices of England and France. Identify the statements that describe how the British colonies were ruled and controlled.

ENGLAND In contrast, entire families migrated from England to North America, especially to the northern colonies. Contrary to what happened in the Spanish, Dutch, and French colonies, there was no royal official in the British colonies. Conversely, the Navigation Acts required the colonists to sell their goods within the empire. They had to adhere to the Navigation Acts, requiring the colonists to send valuable goods to British colonies rather than Europe. Although laws were established, they were governed by what one politician characterized as salutary neglect. Britain did not always enforce the laws regulating trade restrictions over the colonies. The idea of salutary neglect allowed some degree of self-government. Problems arose when the British started to enforce these regulations and colonists resisted. FRANCE the French befriended the native peoples. In 1663, French king Louis XIV declared New France as a royal colony and modeled its rule after an absolute monarchy. French colonies had no political rights and responded exclusively to the king. The king had a solid interest in populating New France and sent settlers for that purpose. Young women formed part of the contingent that left France. They were destined to be the wives for the male colonists. Despite his efforts, New France was never vastly populated. He sent soldiers and settlers during the 1660s to solidify its colonial population. King Louis XIV of France, The king awarded large grants of land to the aristocratic settlers, not to the poor. The grants were called seigneuries. New France was never as large and populated as the English colonies. By the mid-eighteenth century, the population of the British colonies was five times larger than New France. For the French colonists, it was essential to have friendly relations with the Native Americans because they far outnumbered them. They had no other alternative but to live and establish relations with them. The French colonists and the Indians developed fur-trade networks. Very few women traveled to New France. Most settlers were men who lived within the Native communities and married Indian women. The long-standing rivalry between France and England led the French to challenge the English by establishing their own settlements in the Americas. Yet the French never invested resources or convinced settlers to move to the Americas. As a result, the French colonies didn't grow as much as the English colonies did. The French established settlements in the Caribbean, Canada, and the Appalachian Mountains in order to challenge the English presence in the Americas.

This was the location of French outposts that allowed colonists to access inland rivers.

Great Lakes. Access to rivers was important, as it allowed French colonists to easily move their goods throughout the colony.

What was one of the effects of the Navigation Acts on the colonies?

King Charles II revoked the royal charter for Massachusetts in 1684 after the colony's legislature declared that the Navigation Acts had no legal standing in the colony.

Staples Act

Law requiring all shipments of goods from Europe to America to stop in Britain to be taxed. By 1700, the British had surpassed the Dutch as the world's leading maritime power. Virtually all of the products sent to and from America from Europe and Africa were carried in British ships.

Navigation Acts of 1651

Law requiring that all goods imported to or exported from Britain be carried only on British ships. This law had a huge effect in North America and was unpopular with English colonial merchants who preferred to use Dutch shippers who charged much less than British shippers.

Founded in 1718, this was the capital of the Louisiana colony.

New Orleans

In 1664, Britain took over New Netherland and removed the Dutch from North America.

New York By 1700, Britain had surpassed the Dutch as the world's leading maritime power. All products shipped to and from America were carried on British ships.

How did the Glorious Revolution in Britain impact the colonies?

Revolution proved that a despised monarch could be deposed. Bloodless removal of the Catholic King James II, weakened claim that monarchs had a "divine right" to rule, and set the stage for the American Revolution.

Louisiana Territory

Settlement of the Louisiana Territory began in 1699. New Orleans was strategically located at the mouth of the Mississippi River where La Salle wanted to create a string of fur-trading posts.

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between Native Americans and settlers of New France?

Settlers of New France sought to build close bonds with the Native Americans and did not encroach on their lands as much as their British counterparts. French settlers, mostly men, befriended and lived among the Native Americans, on whom they depended for their lives as well as their livelihood as fur traders. Native Americans would determine the balance of power in North America for over a century.

Describe how the American point of view differed from the British one

The American perspective was not based on common ancestry, a shared religion, or even a common culture. Rather, the colonists began to place more importance on self-government, equality of economic opportunity, religious freedom, and territorial expansion.

What was the British motivation for increasing taxes on their colonies in North America after the French and Indian War?

The British government had to deal with a huge war debt after the French and Indian War. George Grenville, believed the colonist should pay for the British troops who defended them during the war.

In 1765, nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to Massachusetts to discuss their opposition to the Stamp Act. What did they conclude?

The Stamp Act Congress, issued the Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies in which they would not allow themselves to be taxed without representation in Parliment. In 1766, Parliment repealed the Stamp Act and passed the Declaratory Act, which reasserted the power of Parliment to govern the colonies.

What role did the colonial legislatures play in resisting British taxation?

The Virginia Assembly passed the Virginia Resolves, which claimed that colonists could only be taxed by their elected representatives. Colonial newspapers spread the Resolves throughout the colonies, and soon other assemblies would pass similar resolutions.

What impact did the NavigatIon Acts, Sugar Act, and Tea Act have on the colonies?

They increased the Crown's control over the colonial economies. The acts limited the actions and freedoms of the colonists. They also placed higher taxes on their daily activities. Conversely, the acts restricted the trading partners of the colonists. Some products, such as tobacco, could only be sold to England or some of its colonies. This was the Stamp Act. After the prime minister passed this measure, colonists needed to buy stamped papers to use in their newspapers, bonds, leases, licenses, college diplomas, etc. Contrary to other acts that affected only Massachusetts, the Stamp Act affected all colonies. Colonists were obliged to purchase stamped paper for virtually everything they wanted to do. Colonists signed nonimportation and nonconsumption agreements to boycott British goods. These movements worked well for the colonists as imports of British goods fell by 40 percent. Furthermore, the movement promoted colonial unity. They led to colonists promising not to import or buy British goods.

What made the Sugar Act different from other acts passed by Britain regarding the colonies?

This was the first time Parliament adopted taxes designed to raise revenues from the colonies, rather than simply regulate trade.

Why was the Stamp Act significant?

Throughout colonies, protesters organized to voice their opposition to the act and the idea of taxation without representation. Samuel Adams from Massachusetts helped organize the Sons of Liberty to resist the Stamp Act. This resistance unified the colonies for the first time, and in Virginia, the assembly passed the "Stamp Act Resolutions," which asserted the colonies could not be taxed without representation in Parliament.

What was the Dominion of New England?

Tried to merge all the colonies into one colony with one person in charge. In 1685, King James II reorganized all of the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England and appointed Sir Edmund Andros to be its royal governor.

1764 Sugar Act

cut tax on molasses in half, added new taxes to sugar, wine, coffee, and spices imported into America

King James II

removed during Glorious Revolution, catholic