Chapter 4- HN

Bicarbonate

Neutralizes stomach acid which it reaches the small intestine, thereby protecting the small intestine from damage by acid

What cells are responsible for smell?

Olfactory cells in nose- stimulated with chewing

Digestion

Process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use

organ system level

Several organs work together to perform a specific function (ex. digestive system)

An example of a probiotic is ________.

The bacteria in yogurt

Organ level

different tissues combine to form organs

lower esophageal sphincter

prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus

Bicarbonate is a base with an alkaline pH that neutralizes the acidity of chyme as it moves from the _______ to the _______.

stomach, small intestine

Excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

Lymph ________.

transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation

In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into

ATP

muscle tissue

Contract and relax and permits movement

In a type of transport called _______, absorptive engulf nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract and form a vesicle around the substance to bring it into the cell

Endocytosis

nervous tissue

Found in the brain and spinal cord. Transmits nerve impulses

The most common forms of ____________ are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease

The stomach also produces an important substance called ___ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

Intrinsic factor

Bile storage is concentrated in the ____________ .

gallbladder

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the ____________ .

liver

The hepatic portal system delivers nutrients from the digestive tract to the ________.

liver

anal sphincter

prevent defecation until person desires to do so

With _________, the inflammation and ulceration can extend throughout the GI tract and the ulcer can form fistulae between areas intestine or even to organs outside the GI tract

Crohn's disease

Bile

Helps fat digestion by suspending tiny fat droplets in watery chyme in the small intestine known as micelles

Swollen veins of the rectum and anus are known as ____________ .

Hemorrhoids

Phagocytosis

Immune substances from human milk

Proteins are made of amino acids. T/F

True

With _______, recurring inflammation and ulceration occur in the innermost layer of the large intestine.

Ulcerative colitis

Gluten is best described as ________.

a protein found in wheat and related grains

Amylase

breaks down starch

Located near the throat, the ____________ is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

In the process of swallowing, food cannot normally enter the trachea because the ________.

epiglottis covers the larynx

The primary nutrient that bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing is ____________ .

fat

Lipids are broken down into

fatty acids and glycerol

how does digestion begin?

food preparation (cutting), cooking, food is easier to chew & swallow and breakdown during digestion

A term that refers to the stomach is ____________ .

gastric

Gastrin, secretin, CCK, and gastric inhibitory peptide are examples of ________.

hormones

Functions of the large intestine include ________.

housing bacterial flora that keep the GI tract healthy, absorption of water and electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, and the defecation of feces

An example of a prebiotic is ________.

inulin, a poorly-digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus.

All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the

liver

Organism level

organ systems make up an organism

The free movement of a nutrient from an area of higher concentration (in the lumen) to an area of lower concentration (in the absorptive cell) is called ______

passive diffusion

The primary site of nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is the

small intestine

The ______ layer of the GI tract wall contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves, whereas the ________ layer is the outermost layer that protects the GI tract.

submucosa; serosa

Most dietary fats will ________.

Enter the lymphatic system

Sphincter of Oddi

control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

Epithilial tissue

covers outside and inside the body. Absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete waste, and protect underlying tissues

The pancreas secretes lipase, amylase and proteases, which are all ____________ used to breakdown macronutrients.

enzymes

Located near the throat, the ____________ is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

esophagus

Which of the following correctly traces the path of food through the gastrointestinal tract?

esophagus, stomach, small intestine

The movement of a nutrient down a concentration gradient into the absorptive cells with the help of a protein carrier is ______.

facilitated diffusion

Carbohydrates are broken down into

glucose

Experiencing ____________ two or more times per week may signal the more serious gastroesophageal reflux disease ( ____________ ).

heartburn, gerd

Muscular contractions occurring throughout the GI tract that move food along are collectively called

peristalsis

______ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

peristalsis

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract ________.

Are fingerlike projections into the lumen of the small intestine Are covered with the brush border (microvilli) Contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes Produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption

facilitated diffusion

Fructose

The gastric secretion pepsin is necessary for ________.

Protein digestion

The throat is otherwise known as the ____________ , an organ that is located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities.

pharynx

immune system function

protects the body from disease

At the base of the stomach is the ______ which controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

Digestive system overview

Digestion, absorption, exception, immune system function

At the beginning of a meal, the hormone _______ is secreted from the stomach; this hormone controls the release of _______.

Gastrin; HCI

active diffusion

Glucose and amino acids

connective tissue

Holding structures together, stores fat, and produces blood cells (ex. tendons and cartilage)

A mixture of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane, and small amounts of sulfur can cause bloating and abdominal pain, also known as ____________ .

Internal gas

mucus

Lubricates and hold bolus together

Saliva

Lubricates food in preparation for swallowing

Enzymes

Promotes breakdowns of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption

What cells are on the tongue?

Taste buds on the tongue and soft palate- contain taste-receptor cells (ex. Salty, sour, sweet...)

Absorption

Uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph

Mucus

a thick fluid that protects body cells and lubricates digesting food to help it move smoothly down the GI tract

Transport of a nutrient against a concentration gradient requires both a protein carrier and the input of energy. This type of transport is called _______.

active absorption

A moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx is called a(n) ____________ .

bolus

Lysozyme

breaks down bacteria

In the stomach, food becomes a very acidic, watery mixture containing enzymes that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called _____

chyme

Passive diffusion

fat and water

lleocecal valve

prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it has entered the large intestine