Chapter 4 ID terms

Battle of little big horn

Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, N. Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Calvary Regiment of the U.S.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Fetterman Massacre

A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.

Harper's Ferry, VA 1859

- John Brown leads a raid on federal arsenal, attempt to lead slave revolt - stopped by US Marines - Trial, sentenced to death, martyr in North, threat in South

Jefferson Davis

An American politician who served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865.

Gadsden Purchase 1853

..A region of present day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico purchased by the US in a treaty. It proved the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. (date)

Chinese Exclusion Act

10 year suspension of Chinese Immigration to the United States

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 bill that mandated "popular sovereignty," allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders.

Dawes act

1887 act that authorized the President of the United States to subdivide Native American tribal landholdings into allotments for Native American heads of Families and individuals.

Sitting bull

A Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance to U.S. government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.

Crazy Horse

A Lakota war leader of the Ogala band in the 19th century. He took up arms against the U.S. government to fight against encroachment by White American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people. They

Popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Battle/Massacre at Wounded Knee

A domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians, almost half women and children, by soldiers of the United States Army, after US army had disarmed the Lakota warriors.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877. In the United States, the Panic was known as the "Great Depression" until the events of 1929 and the early 1930s set a new standard

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Dred Scott v Sanford case

A landmark court case in which the supreme essentially ruled that if you are/were a slave then the law does not allow you to sue for your freedom or rights. You are not a citizen

Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer

A man who loved fighting in battle. He fought in the Civil War and was sent to fight Indians after the war. Was known as the "chief of thieves" to the Sioux for entering their sacred Black Hills and spreading word of their gold wealth. He and all of his men died in battle in 1876.

Sand Creek Massacre

A massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of the Third Colorado Cavalry under the command of U.S. Volunteers Colonel John Chivington attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70-500 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Ghost dance

A new religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. Associated with Wovoka's prophecy of an end to white expansion while preaching goals of clean living, an honest life, and cross-cultural cooperation by Indians. Practice of the dance movement was believed to have contributed to Lakota resistance to assimilation under the Dawes Act

Carpet baggers

A person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Lincoln Douglas debates 1858

A series of seven debates for US Senate in Illinois between Lincoln (R) and Senator Douglas (D). The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery as it related to popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won election, but Lincoln's fine showing made him a national figure and helped him win Republican nomination in 1860

Sharecropping

A type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year.

John brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Gadsen Purchase

An agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.

Copperheads

Also known as Peace Democrats, they were a faction of Democrats in the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates.

13th Admendment (1865)

Amendment that officially abolishes slavery.

15th Amendment (1870)

Amendment that prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

Zebulon pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase

Stephen Douglas

An American politician and lawyer from Illinois. He was one of two Democratic Party nominees for president in the 1860 presidential election, and was best known for promoting "Popular Sovereignty"

Uncle toms cabin

An anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Comstock lode

An area of silver ore located under the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range in Virginia City, Nevada, which was the first major discovery of silver ore in the United States and named after an American miner

John browns raid

An effort by abolitionists, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. It has been called the dress rehearsal for or Tragic Prelude to the Civil War.

Wilmot Proviso

An unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. The conflict over the proposal was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War

Tenure of Office

Andrew Johnson violated this act which led to his impeachment

Vicksburg

Battle for the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy. The successful ending of this campaign significantly degraded the ability of the Confederacy to maintain its war effort.

Gettsyburg

Battle that was the turning point in the Civil War, the Union victory that ended General Robert E. Lee's second and most ambitious invasion of the North.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Case in which it was decided that blacks were not citizens and that Congress could not constitutionally decide whether or not a territory has slavery.

Roger b Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made

Civil Liberties

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

Compromise of 1850

Compromise in which California became a free state and popular sovereignty was introduced to decide what would happen with the rest of Mexican Cession

North's strategy for war

Conquer big area Use navy blockade southern ports and cut off essential supplies from reaching the south Divide the confederacy in two by taking control of the Mississippi River Raise and train an army of 500000 to take Richmond

Draft Riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, and 6th president. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Lecompton Controversy (Constitution) 1857

Document framed in the Territorial Capital of Kansas in 1857 by Southern pro-slavery advocates of Kansas statehood. It contained clauses protecting slaveholding and a bill of rights excluding free blacks, and it added to the frictions leading up to the U.S. Civil War

Demise of the Whig Party

Election of 1852 marked the beginning of the end of this party Deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster weakened the party severely. the end augured the eclipse of national parties and the rise of sectional political alignments.

Homestead Act

Enacted during the Civil War, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never born arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land in the unsettled West

The great American dessert

Explain how mapmakers referred to the Great Plains between 1825 and 1860.

Freedmen's Bureau

Group designed to assist both freed slaves and poor whites in the South; this group set up schools, helped with unemployment etc.

Radical Republicans

Group during Reconstruction that wanted the military rule over the South. They also fought for black suffrage, black citizenship, and for the redustribution of land.

Ku Klux Klan

Group in the South that was started in order to intimidate free blacks in the South and stop them from voting

Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis

Idea that held that the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism

Crittenden's Proposal

In 1861, an unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the United States Constitution, and thereby make it unconstitutional for future congresses to end slavery

Election of 1864

In the midst of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212-21 in the electoral college, with 55% of the popular vote

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by President Abraham Lincoln issued on January 1, 1863, this event declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Ulysses S. Grant

James Buchanan President who didn't stop scandals from occurring in his administration thereby leading to the Republican Party being labeled as being corrupt during this time period.

Pottawatomie massacre 1856

John Brown and his followers killed five proslavery men and started a four-month massacre in Kansas in which 200 people were killed.

Republican Party

Political Party that had the platform that slavery should NOT be extended any more. Lincoln was a member of this party

Black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Election 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

10% Plan

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan that called for leniency and forgiveness of the South

Fort Sumter, 1861

Located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. One of only two federal forts that had not fallen to Confederacy. The troops needed provisions, or would have to surrender to seige. Lincoln informed the South Carolinians that he would send provisions but no reinforcements. When the Union sent a naval force, the South opened fire on the Fort, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. There were no casualties (except for a horse) and the fort surrendered.

Johnson Reconstruction Plan

Majority of white men must swear oath of loyalty, new government must ban slaver and ratify 13th Amendment, Confederate officials may vote and hold office

Anaconda plan

Military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, a thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces.

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Democrat party

Political party that was for popular sovereignty; Douglas was a member; after the Civil War this party became the party of the white South

Greenbacks

Name for paper currency issued by the United States during the American Civil War. They were in two forms: Demand Notes, issued in 1861-1862, and United States Notes issued in 1862-1865.

Plains Indians

Native American tribes and First Nation band of governments who have historically lived on the interior plains of North America. Their historic nomadism and armed resistance to domination by government and military forces of Canada and the United States have made them an archetype in literature and art for Native Americans everywhere.

Chief Joseph

Native leader of the War-lam-wat-kain band of the New Peace, a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific NW region of the U.S., in the latter half of the 19th century

Fugitive slave law

Part of the Compromise of 1850, Northerners were required to send escaped slaves back to their owners in the South.

Fugitive slave law

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Free Soil Party

Political Party that eventually became the Republican Party; its members were for stopping the expansion of slavery.

James Buchanan

President directly before Lincoln who supported corrupt popular sovereignty and didn't do anything to prevent the Civil War.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Lecompton Controversy

Pro-slavery faction in Kansas tried to get a state constitution passed that supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

North's strengths

Rail roads and industries

Abraham Lincoln election 1860

Republican candidate elected President in 1860. Received only 39% of the popular vote but a majority of the electoral votes. It was this election that began the secession of the Southern states. He got pretty much all of the north's votes

Appomattox

Robert E. Lee would surrender to Ulysses S. Grant here, effectively ending the U.S. Civil War

Ostend Manifesto 1854

Secret negotiation attempting to acquire Cuba as a slave state from Spain

Confiscation acts

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Scalawags

Southerners during Reconstruction who cooperated with the North, favored industrial development, or were more interested in themselves than the South as a region

Redeemers/Bourbon/ solids south/new south

Southerners who took over control of the South during the later part of reconstruction

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period.

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the United States, he would serve during the Civil War and was the 1st President in U.S. history to be assassinated.

Andrew Johnson

The 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Would fight with the Radical Republicans and became the 1st president ever impeached while in office.

Sewards folly

The 1867 Treaty with Russia was negotiated and signed by the Secretary of State and the Russian Minister to the United States Edouard de Stoeckl. Critics of the deal to purchase Alaska called it "_____ _____." Opposition to the purchase of Alaska subsided with the Klondike Gold Strike in 1896.

14th amendment

The 1868 amendment to the Constitution of the United States that granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War.

Election of 1860

The South seceded after this event because it was obvious that their vote did not matter, the North was more powerful politically.

Reconstruction

The period in American history that lasted from 1863 to 1877 following the American Civil War and is a significant chapter in the history of American civil rights

Bleeding Kansas

This Border War was a series of violent civil confrontations between 1854 and 1859 which emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in this proposed state.

Antietam

This battle ended the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's first invasion into the North and led Abraham Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

Emergence of the Republican Party

This party came into existence because of the turmoil over the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Anti slavery

Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877

This was an informal, unwritten deal, that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election between Hayes and Tilden. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.

Homestead Act of 1862

This was passed by the government in 1860 to give free land to settlers who moved out west and worked on the land for 5 years.

Anaconda plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Barbed wire

Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier.

Freedmen's Bureau

Was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War

Free Soil Party

a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories

Draft riots

a series of violent disturbances in new york city that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing american civil war

Crittenden's Proposal of 1861

aimed to resolve the secession crisis of 1860-1861 by addressing the fears and grievances about slavery that led many slave-holding states to contemplate secession from the United States

Stephen Douglas

an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Custer Last Stand

colonal custer and troops fought sioux and cheyenn

Robert E Lee

commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, the most successful of the Southern armies during the American Civil War, and ultimately commanded all the Confederate armies

Sherman's march to sea

frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman's soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back.Feb

Chinese Migration

in the 1850s worked in gold mines, then were excluded. Faced discriminatory laws.

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Concentration Policy

strategy that would provide white settlers with the most productive lands and relocated Indians to areas north and south of white settlements. Settlers were not satisfied, the wanted to restrict Indians to even smaller areas through relocation.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.