Chapter 4 - Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest

The Gaspee...

- A British ship that caught several smugglers. - To destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonial boarded the ship.

Boston Massacre...

- A crowd of colonist harassed the guards. - The guards fired into the crowd, killing five people. - John Adams acquitted the soldiers. - His Brother, Samuel Adams, used the events to inform Anti-British Feelings.

The Coercive Acts of 1774...

- Act closed the port of Boston. - Massachusetts Government Act reduced the power of the Massachusetts Legislation. - Administration of Justice Act allowed royal officers to be that are accused to be trialed in Great Britain. - Enabled British troops to be housed in colonial houses.

Reorganization of the British Empire...

- After the four wars, the British adapted more forceful policies. - Due to the extreme costs of the war, Britain felt a need to maintain a large British force to guard America and heavily tax the colonists.

Declaratory Act of 1776...

- After the repeal of the Stamp Act. - Act asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies whatsoever.

British Victory...

- After the retaking of Louisbourg, the surrender of Quebec, and the taking of Montreal, the European powers negotiation a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Paris.

Stamp Act of 1765

- An effort to raise funds to support British military forces in the colonies. - Required that reserves tramps be place on most printed paper in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements. - The protests against the stamp took a violent turn with the formation of Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution....

- As differences grew, Americans tried to justify this changing relationship. - John Locke and the Enlightenment were used for the justification of the American Revolution.

Renewal of the Conflict...

- Committees of Correspondence practiced arguing committees that would regularly exchange letters about suspicious British Activities. - House of Burgesses initialized the intercolonial committees.

Enlightenment Ideas...

- Enlightenment thinkers were Deists. - Believed in rationalism and trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life. - Decades of revolutionary thought and action was made in the American Revolution.

The Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)...

- First 3 wars were between Britain and France and focused primarily on battles in Europe. - Final War, the fourth one, the fighting began in the colonies and then spread to Europe. - Four wars are known as the Seven Years' Wars, The North American phase is known as the French and Indian War.

Pontiac's Rebellion...

- First major test of the new British imperial policy. - American Indians were angered by the growing westward movements of the British. - The British set regular British troops as retaliation, not the colonial troops.

Beginning of the War...

- French provoked the war by building a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley in order to halt the westward growth of British Colonies. - Governor of Virginia set a militia group led by George Washington to absolve the issues but they had to eventually surrender. - At first the war went badly for the British against the French and American Indian.

Immediate Effects of the War...

- Gave Britain unchallenged supremacy in North America. - Established them as the dominant Naval power in the world. - A change in how the British and the colonist viewed each other.

The British View...

- Held the American Militia in contempt as poorly trained and disorbedly rabble. - Noted that colonies refused to contribute either troops or money to the war effort.

Boston Tea Party...

- Hoping to help the Britain East India company, parliament the Tea Act in 1773. - Made the companies tea less than Dutch tea, Americans refused to buy the cheaper tea because it would recognize parliament's right to tax. - A group of bostonians disguised as American Indians rushed a ship to their tea overboard in retaliation.

The First Three Wars...

- In both King William's War and Queen Anne's war the British launched expeditions to capture Quebec but failed. - In King George War, British colonies were under attack from the French and Spanish. - In a peace treaty ending the war, Britain agreed to give Louisbourg back to the French in exchange for political and economic gains in India.

New Revenue and Regulations...

- King George III and Lorde Grenville pushed through parliament 3 measures that assured colonial suspicions of British plot to subvert colonial liberties.

Empires at War...

- Late in the 17th century, war involving Great Britain, France and Spain broke out. - The stakes were high considering that the winner stood to gain supremacy in the West Indies and Canada, as well as dominate colonial trade.

Repeal of the Townshend Acts...

- Lord Frederick urged parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. They damaged trade and generated a disappointing amount of revenue. - Ended the colonial boycott, except for one incident that called the "Boston Massacre"

The Quebec Act of 1774...

- Organized Canadian lands gained from France. - Established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec. - Set up a government without representative assembly.

The Townshend Acts...

- Parliament enacted new duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass and paper. - Law required that revenus be raised and used oon to pay crown official in the colonies, thus making them independent of the colonial assemblies that had previously paid their soldiers. - Dickinson argued no taxation without representation.

Intolerable Acts...

- Petition to Boston Tea Party - Punitive Acts (Coercive Acts, Quebec Act)

Sugar Act of 1764

- Placed duties to foreign sugar and certain luxuries. - To raise money for the crown and a companion law to provide strict enforcement.

Proclamation of 1763...

- Prohibit colonist from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. - Colonist defied the British wishes.

The Colonial View...

- Proud of their record in all four wars and developed confidence that they could defend themselves. - Not impressed with British troops or their leadership.

Quartering Act of 1765

- Required colonist to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Alternate View on the start of Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest

- Starting in 1754 emphasizes that fighting the war drove the colonies and British apart. - While the United States declared independence in 1776, and ratified the constitution in 1788, 1800s showed true American Unity.

1800... election of Thomas Jefferson illustrated...

- Test of stability of American System - Federalist peacefully transferred their power to the Democratic-Republicans.

1789... new Constitution implemented...

- That document created a federal government that was stronger than the Articles of Confederation. - Still had limited powers.

1763... End of French and Indian War led to...

- The British desired more revenue from the colonies. - American colonists saw themselves as self sufficient. - These clashing views resulted in the colonies declaring independence, winning a war, and founding a new nation.

The Albany Plan of Union...

- The British government allied for representative from several colonies to meet at Albany, New York. - Developed by Benjamin Franklin, provided for an inter colonial government and a system for recruiting troops as well as to collect taxes from various colonies for their defense.

List 3 reasons why the end of French and Indian War was an important turning point in U.S. history.

1. British desired more revenue from the colonies. 2. American colonies saw themselves as self-sufficient. 3. Those clashing views resulted in the foundation of a new nation.

List three reasons why the Albany plan, Join or Die plan, failed.

1. Each colony was jealous of its taxation powers. 2. Colonist were fearful of losing power. 3. Colonist were scared that they would lose commerce with the other countries and the British Parliament.

List three major ways England's war for empire impacted the colonies in North America.

1. England was becoming a world superpower, so some colonist viewed them as a threat. 2. No longer were the colonist in threat of attacks. 3. Change dhow the colonies viewed the British force.

List the most significant ideas the influenced our founding fathers as they resisted new imperial policies.

1. Impact on colonial thinking for independence declaration. 2. Right to Life, Liberty and Property. 3. The power of replacing government.

How did James Otis contribute to the American identity?

1. Strongly influenced the American Revolution. 2. Claimed "Taxation without representation is tyranny" 3. The first supporters of United States independence through his activism.

Defend or refute the following statement: 1763 was an important watershed year (give 3 reasons why or why not)

1763 was an important watershed year. 1. Was the proclamation of 1763. 2. Pontiac's Rebellion. 3. Peace of Paris Treaty.

1783... Articles of Confederation led to...

A weak national government, soon replaced with a new constitution.

Explain the significance of the territorial changes from 1754 to 1763.

Britain acquired Florida and from the Spanish and Canada from the French, erasing French and Spanish control in North America.

What was the chief reasons for colonial discontent?

Britain's colonial policy on enforcing trade laws and taxes.

Identify the major causes and effects of the Stamp Act controversy.

Caused by: Britain wanting to raise money to support British militarization in the colonies. Effects of: The formation of daughters of liberty as well as a protest and boycott among colonists.

Explain the limitations of the repeal of the Townshend Act in restoring positive relations between England and its '13 colonies' in North America.

Due to the indirect taxes put onto the colonists, it formed trust issues between the colonies and England.

Explain the roles of religion in colonial resistance to new imperial policies of 1774.

Since the colonies were allowed religious freedoms, they wanted to resist, they began religious resistance, efforts by the British of a set religion.

What was the most significant effect of the controversy of the Stamp Act?

Start up of the Sons of Liberty.

In what way does the Gaspee incident illustrate the overall turning point of 1763?

That year caused the colonists to be brought to tail in England.

What was the most significant cause of the controversy of the Stamp Act?

The Writs of Assistance was not helping the collection of taxes from the colonist from the French and Indian War.

Explain how the Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) were both an effect of colonial actions and a cause of colonial action.

The acts were an effect from colonial disruption of past British governance and a cause for future colonial protest and boycotts.

The main source of resentment among the colonist from the Stamp Act was:

The amount of taxation of the colonies by the British Parliament without representation for the colonies.

Name one piece of evidence to support why 1763 was not an important watershed year.

The colonies defied the British prior to the year of 1763.

What was the most significant impact of the Treaty of Paris, 1763?

The extended control of North America by the British set in place the British control over the colonies resources, commerce, and power of the colonies.

Compare the British view and the Colonial view and explain why these opposing views are significant in the development of the Untied States.

These conflicting views, both of them calling the other horrible in the war efforts, resulted in the division between the British and the colonists. This eventually led to the American Revolution, which then led to the formation of the United States.

Explain how Committees of Correspondence and intercolonial committees sharped the divisions between Britain and the colonie sin the early 1770's

They both exchanged info on suspicious British activity with one another.

What purpose did the Proclamation Line of 1763 have?

To prevent colonist from moving westwards of the Applachin Moutains so they wouldn't be victims to the American Indian attacks.

Besides the beginning and the end of this war, what else marks an important turning point to nationhood?

When both the Federalist and Democratic-Republicans came in agreeance to elect Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican.

Were the Sons of Liberty justified in the Boston Tea Party?

Yes, 1. British were not responsive to peaceful boycotts. 2. British insisted on their rights to tax tea. 3. The British imposed trade laws that prevented colonies to trade with other countries for tea.