chapter 4 nutriton
When is glucose most likely used to produce fat?
When overall calorie needs are exceeded
Which description best describes a starch?
a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
nutritive sweeteners alternative sweeteners
a class of sweeteners that provides calories for the body a class of sweeteners that does not provide any calories
The highly branched structure of glycogen
allows rapid breakdown into glucose.
Which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?
amylopectin
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.
amylose
What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?
amylose
From the following list, choose the foods that adhere to the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning carbohydrates.
baked acorn squash frozen blueberries with no added sugar brown rice
What is the number one source of added sugars in the dietary pattern of the U.S. population?
beverages (no milk or 100% fruit juice)
High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicate chronically elevated
blood glucose.
Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source for the _
brain nervous system red blood cells
Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ______ in the American diet.
calories added sugars
Who is at highest risk for overconsuming empty calories in place of nutrients essential for growth?
children
Which of the following are major sources of added sugars in American diets?
dairy desserts soft drinks cakes and cookies
Amylase is
enzyme that breaks down starch
Well-controlled studies have found that sugar contributes to hyperactivity in children.
false
Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest.
fibers
Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ________
glucagon
Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.
glucose
The main function of________ is to supply calories for the body to use
glucose
What is the technical term for high blood sugar?
hyperglycemia
he correct term to describe a high blood sugar level is
hyperglycemia
when sugar is low
hypoglycemia
Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called
insoluble fiber.
Since sugar intake does not contribute to hyperactivity, what are the factors that are associated with hyperactivity?
learning disorders and emotional disturbances overstimulation temperament and overstimulation
The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to
limit intake of added sugars. consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains.
Hypoglycemia is a ______ blood glucose level.
low
Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
meals with a mixture of macronutrients. meals on a regular schedule.
Overcrowding the diet with sweets leaves little room for _____ foods such as fruits and vegetables.
nutrient-dense
The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.
nutritive sweeteners
Fiber is a type of
polysaccharide
When many sugar-units (from 10 to 1000 or more) are bonded together, they form a
polysaccharide
Choose the benefits of consuming soluble fiber.
promotes satiety reduces blood cholesterol slows the rate of glucose absorption
Examples of functional fiber include
resistant starch. polydextrose. inulin.
What is a temporary condition in which lactase production is decreased in response to another condition, such as diarrhea?
secondary lactose maldigestion
What type of fiber is helpful in lowering blood cholesterol?
soluble
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
starch polysaccharides
True or false: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.
true
True or false: Both sugars and sugar alcohols provide calories and sweetness. True false question. True
true
True or false: Cellulose is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules.
true
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of
two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
What nutrients are provided from foods in the dairy group?
vitamin D calcium vitamin A
Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?
whole cut-up
Dietary Guidelines recommends that you consume at least half of all grains as _____.
whole grains
Whole-grain cornmeal, wild rice, and buckwheat are all examples of
whole grains
Whole-grain cornmeal, wild rice, and buckwheat are all examples of ______.
whole grains
How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?
1/2 to 1 cup
Teresa consumes one serving of a food that contains one gram of carbohydrate, one gram of fat, and one gram of protein. What is the total number of calories she is getting from the food?
17 kcal
What percentage of adults consume milk on a regular basis?
20%
Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar?
200 times
What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?
38 grams
How many grams of sugar (based on a 2000-kcal diet) would 10% of the caloric intake from added sugar be equal to?
50
The threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than
6.5
Amylopectin makes up about ______% of the digestible starches in the diet.
80
What has current research demonstrated about the use of alternative sweeteners?
Alternative sweeteners can be used safely by adults and children. They are considered safe during pregnancy. Large, long-term studies have yet to be conducted in humans.
Which two of the following are forms of starch that are digestible by humans?
Amylose Amylopectin
Which of the following polysaccharides are digestible by humans?
Amylose and amylopectin
Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?
Aspartame
Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
Beans Vegetables Breads
Which of the following are the ways to select or prepare potatoes that will produce a slower rise in blood glucose?
Cook potatoes and then refrigerate overnight before eating. Buy "new" potatoes that have thin skins
Which of the following can assist the digestion of carbohydrates even before food enters the mouth?
Cooking food
Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.
False
Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?
Fat
What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?
Nonfermentable fiber
What is not included as part of the dairy group because its overall nutritional content is not similar to dairy milk and fortified soy beverages?
Plant-based "milk" (e.g., almond, rice, coconut, oat, and hemp "milk")
Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?
Polysaccharides
_________is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100 - 125 mg/dl).
Prediabetes
Based on a 2000-kcal diet, a moderate intake of 10% of calorie intake corresponds to approximately _____ teaspoons of sugar per day.
12
Aspartame supplies 4 kcal per gram, but it is ______, so only a small amount is used to sweeten food products.
200 times sweeter than sugar
What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women
25 grams
What is the recommended daily intake of fiber for someone with type 2 diabetes?
25 to 38 grams
What percentage of the 30 million adults with diabetes do not know that they have the disease?
28
Which is the most appropriate definition for Acceptable Daily Intake?
Amount of a sweetener an individual can safely consume daily over a lifetime.
Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
Amylopectin
Which type of starch makes up 80% of digestible starches in the diet?
Amylopectin
Which type of fiber is an undigestible, insoluble, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?
Cellulose
amylopectin amylose
Choice, straight chain of glucose units straight chain of glucose units
How are nonstarch polysaccharides listed on food labels?
Dietary fiber
How can you increase the nutrient consumption of potatoes by 50%?
Eat the potato skin
True or false: A nutritive sweetener is sweeter tasting than an alternative sweetener.
False
True or false: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials.
False
True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.
False
Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes?
Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4%
What is the fate of carbohydrates when they are consumed in high amounts and overall calorie needs are exceeded?
Fat is produced.
How does fiber help prevent constipation?
Fiber remains in the intestinal tract and supplies bulk to the feces, making elimination easier. The larger stool size stimulates the intestinal muscles to contract. Fiber makes the stool large and soft.
Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners?
Food and Drug Administration
Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?
Fruits Vegetables Grains
What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?
Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.
Which of the following statements about fiber are true?
Is a complex carbohydrate Adds bulk to feces A substance found in plants
Why is glycogen an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the human body?
It has a branched structure that can be broken down quickly.
What are the main problems with consuming an excess amount of sugar?
It leads to weight gain. It provides mostly empty calories. It increases the risk for dental decay.
How is glycogen able to be broken apart so quickly?
Its highly branched structure allows enzymes easy access.
Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?
Liver and muscle
Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
Mouth
What are the two broad classes of sweeteners?
Nutritive Alternative
Which class of substances provides sweetness to foods and provides calories for the body?
Nutritive sweeteners
Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?
Reduces constipation Reduces transit time of feces
Which alternative sweetener is good for cooking because it doesn't break down under high heat conditions?
Sucralose
Which of the following are appropriate uses of aspartame?
Sugar-free gelatin desserts Sugar-free chewing gum Diet soft drinks
True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.
T
How is fiber different from starches
The chemical bonds in fibers that hold the sugar units together cannot be digested, preventing the absorption of these sugars
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are sometimes called starches. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits.
Obesity is linked to a diet high in refined grains and added sugars.
True
Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.
True
True or false: Amylase is an enzyme that is released from the salivary glands and the pancreas.
True
True or false: An ADI is an estimate of the amount of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume on a daily basis over the lifetime
True
True or false: Functional fiber must show beneficial effects in humans, whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food.
True
True or false: Studies have shown that nearly all individuals with decreased lactase production can tolerate ½ to 1 cup of milk with meals.
True
Stevia is an alternative sweetener derived from ______.
a South American shrub
Saccharin is a(n)
alternative sweetener.
Which type of sweetener is the sweetest?
alternative sweeteners
What are the two forms of starch digestible by humans?
amylopectin amylose
Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______.
amylopectin; amylose
Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of
amylose.
At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?
any age
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
blood pressure fasting glucose triglycerides
Consuming excess soda and energy drinks compromises ______ in children and teenagers.
bone health
True or false: Sucralose is the oldest alternative sweetener and was first produced in 1879.
false
Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains ______.
fructose glucose
Fiber that has been added to foods to achieve health benefits is called
functional fiber
Symptoms of hypoglycemia should resolve quickly with the consumption of
glucose. carbohydrate
The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for
glycogen
Because of its low cost, shelf-stability, and desirable food properties, ______ is used in the manufacture of many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods.
high-fructose corn syrup
As the insulin in the blood declines, blood glucose
increases
The cellulose in the skin of the apple is primarily ______ fiber.
insoluble
Lactose _________ is a condition in which significant symptoms, such as abdominal gas and bloating, appear after ingestion of foods
intolerance
Choose the factors that increase your risk for type 2 diabetes.
istory of gestational diabetes and prediabetes family history of diabetes upper-body (android) obesity obesity and older age physical inactivity
Acesulfame-K is a useful alternative sweetener because
it is heat-stable and can be used in baking. it does not cause dental caries.
High-fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because
it is less expensive than sugar. it has better shelf-stability than sugar.
Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?
large waist circumference high blood pressure low HDL cholesterol high blood triglycerides high fasting glucose
Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating
meals on a regular schedule. meals with a mixture of macronutrients.
Glucose is the major ______ found in the body.
monosaccharide
Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States?
neotame aspartame acesulfame-K
Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?
omega 3
The "K" in Acesulfame-K represents ______.
potassium
What condition is occurring when the concentration of blood glucose drifts up higher than normal over a period of years?
prediabetes
Which macronutrient is aspartame most like?
protein
Examples of whole grains include ______.
quinoa dark rye millet and oats
Which of the following is NOT an alternative sweetener?
sorbitol
All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in
sucrose.
The problem with an excess amount of ______ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries.
sugar
Which of the following are considered nutritive sweeteners (i.e., they provide calories)
sugar alcohols sugars
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
sugar beets and maple sugar
Which of the following are considered nutritive sweeteners (i.e., they provide calories)?
sugars sugar alcohols
Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners
sweeten foods while providing few or no calories; include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose
True or false: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains. True false question. True
true
True or false: The artificial sweetener sucralose (Splenda®) is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat.
true
True or false: The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps to soften the tough connective fibers in the plants.
true
True or false: Viscous fiber is fiber that is readily fermented.
true
True or false: When dietary consumption of carbohydrates exceeds the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.
true
Choose the food that will have the most fiber.
whole orange
Which description best describes a starch?
A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
Which alternative sweetener is chemically similar to aspartame but much sweeter and does not require the warning for people with PKU?
Advantame
When does a patient with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections?
In advanced stages of the disease
Which fiber type increases fecal bulk and decreases intestinal transit time?
Insoluble Nonfermentable
Which sugar is found naturally in sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, and maple sugar?
SURCOSE
Which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?
Saccharin
Which of the following is the oldest alternative sweetener, making up about half of the alternative sweetener on the market in North America?
Saccharin
Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Shakiness Sweating Hunger
Choose the characteristics that accurately describe the alternative sweetener advantame
Similar to aspartame but much sweeter. Does not need to include alerts for PKU . Stable at high temperatures and can be used as a tabletop sweetener.
______ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.
Soluble
Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?
Soluble fiber
Which alternative sweetener is derived from a South American shrub?
Stevia
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
cellulose amylose amylopectin
Choose the group of substances that are classified as dietary fiber.
cellulose gums hemicelluloses pectins
A digestible polysaccharide that contains 1000 or more glucose units is called a ______.
complex carbohydrate starch
Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.
decreases
Erosions in the surface of a tooth caused by acids made by bacteria as they metabolize sugars are called
dental caries
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least three risk factors for ______.
diabetes cardiovascular disease
Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are
dietary fiber nonstarch polysaccharides in foods
The individual forms of fiber are not each listed on a food label. Instead, they are grouped together as
dietary fiber.
Sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they ______.
do not promote dental caries provide fewer calories than sugar
True or false: Consumption of sugar induces hyperactivity among children.
false
True or false: Fermentable fiber is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.
false
True or false: Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the liver.
false