Chapter 4 pain, smell, taste
The human mouth contains about _____ taste buds; each bud contains about _____ taste receptor cells.
5000 to 10000, 50 to 100
According to the _____ approach to odor identification, information about the identity of the "odor object" is quickly accessed from memory and then triggers an emotional response. page_ref: 168
object-centered
In the initial processing stage in the olfactory system, odorants bind to:
olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.
In total, the nerve endings in the skin detect _____ basic sensations.
4
0.31 Challenge this question Which correlation coefficient is a consumer psychologist most likely to find between the length of time participants touch an item and the amount they say they would be willing to pay for it? Incorrect: -0.39 -
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A-delta Challenge this question Sudden stinging pain sensations are carried by _____ fibers. Your answer:
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A-delta fibers; C fibers Challenge this question _____ transmit sudden stinging pain whereas _____ transmit throbbing, dull pain that lingers long after the injury.
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C fibers Challenge this question Days after breaking his nose in a football game, Jack still perceives a dull pain in his nose. This is caused by which type of pain sensory neurons?
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The psychologist's prediction is called a hypothesis, and it is consistent with the research described in the text. Challenge this question A consumer psychologist varies how long participants are permitted to touch various items. She records how much participants say they would be willing to pay for the items. The psychologist predicts that the longer participants touch the items, the more they would be willing to pay for them. What is this type of prediction called? Is the psychologist's prediction consistent with the research described in the text?
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a wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste. Challenge this question Research on many wine drinkers demonstrated that:
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bottom-up Challenge this question Dr. Simons finds that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Simons proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than men do. This explanation is based on _____ influences on perception.
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bottom-up; top-down Challenge this question Drs. Richards and Jay both find that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Richards proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than do men. Dr. Jay argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. Dr. Richards is proposing a _____ explanation of the gender difference in olfaction, while Dr. Jay is suggesting a _____ explanation.
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endorphins Challenge this question Football players who are playing in an important game sometimes get injured but continue to play without taking pain medication. This is most likely because of the release of neurotransmitters called _____. Your answer:
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gate-control Challenge this question Tracy has the flu and is experiencing a fever, aches, and an upset stomach. The _____ theory of pain suggests that if Jane were to stub her toe on the way to the bathroom, she is likely to experience this event as more painful than if she were not already sick. Your answer:
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gate-control; more Challenge this question Jane has the flu and is experiencing a fever, aches, and an upset stomach. The _____ theory of pain suggests that if Jane were to stub her toe on the way to the bathroom, she is likely to experience this event as _____ painful than if she were not already sick.
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glomerulus Challenge this question The olfactory bulb contains a(n) _____ for each type of olfactory receptor neuron.
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gustation Challenge this question Olfaction is to _____, as smell is to taste.
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hypothesis Challenge this question A consumer psychologist varies how long participants are permitted to touch various items. She records how much participants say they would be willing to pay for the items. The psychologist predicts that the longer participants touch the items, the more they would be willing to pay for them. This type of prediction is called a(n) _____.
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lower Challenge this question Aaron is sanding a piece of wood before staining it. He runs his hand over it to make sure that it is smooth. Neurons in the _____ portion of Aaron's parietal lobe are probably active.
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negatively Challenge this question The absolute threshold for touch is _____ correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated.
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negatively Challenge this question The absolute threshold for touch is _____ correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body that is being stimulated.
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object-centered Challenge this question When Pablo entered a Mexican bakery, he noticed the smell of fresh sweet bread. This elicited memories of visits to his grandmother's house, which then produced sad feelings because he has missed her since she died last year. This sequence of the smell producing the memories, and then the emotional response, is explained by the _____ approach to odor identification.
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olfaction Challenge this question Gustation is to _____, as taste is to smell.
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operational Challenge this question In an experiment, European-American and African-American college students plunge their forearms into freezing water. Participant are asked to keep their hand in the water as long as they can stand it. The length of time each participant keeps their hand in the water is taken as a measure of their pain tolerance. Because it specifies how pain tolerance will be measured, the length of time each participant keeps their hand in the water is a(n) _____ definition of the variable
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structuralist Challenge this question Some psychologists argue that wetness = cold + pressure. The notion that an experience such as wetness may be reduced to more basic sensations is most consistent with the _____ approach in psychology's history.
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the longer participants touch the items, the more they would be willing to pay for them. However, the length of time participants look at the items should have no effect on how much they would be willing to pay. Challenge this question A consumer psychologist shows participants a variety of objects they might find at a department store. Participants either look at or touch the objects for varying lengths of time. The psychologist then asks the participants how much they would be willing to pay for the items. According to the text:
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the occipital lobe. Challenge this question The pain pathways include each of the following brain structures EXCEPT:
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top-down Challenge this question Dr. Marco finds that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Marco argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. This explanation emphasizes the role of _____ influences on perception.
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upper Challenge this question The back of Will's leg hurts so he presses his thumb into his calf muscle in a few different places to find the source of the pain. Neurons in the _____ portion of Will's parietal lobe are probably active
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vestibular Challenge this question The _____ system in the inner ear senses the movements and accelerations of the head.
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Drs. Richards and Jay both find that women can better distinguish among pleasant odors than men. Dr. Richards proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than do men. Dr. Jay argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. Dr. Richards is proposing a _____ explanation of the gender difference in olfaction, while Dr. Jay is suggesting a _____ explanation.
Bottom-up; top-down
operational; dependent In an experiment, European-American and African-American college students plunge their forearms into freezing water. Participants are asked to keep their hand in the water as long as they can stand it. The length of time each participant keeps their hand in the water is taken as a measure of their pain tolerance. In this study, the length of time each participant keeps their hand in the water is a(n) _____ definition of the _____ variable of pain tolerance
Operational; dependent
Research on many wine drinkers demonstrated that:
a wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste.
According to gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce physical aches and pains by causing the:
activation of specific neural fibers in the spinal cord.
Taste and smell combine to cause a person to experience _____.
flavor
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gustation
The olfactory bulb sends outputs to the parts of the brain responsible for basic drives, emotions, and memories. These brain structures are the _____, respectively.
hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
In the somatosensory system, the "where" pathway involves the upper _____ lobe.
parietal
Touch information is relayed from the thalamus to somatosensory cortex in the _____ lobe.
parietal
Unlike the other senses, the human sense of _____ is closely related to emotional and social behavior.
smell
People tend to rate wine as tasting more pleasant when they think it costs more. Because this finding reflects the effects of experience or expectations, it represents a(n) _____ influence on perception.
top-down
In the somatosensory system, the "what" pathway is to the "where" pathway, as the _____ parietal lobe is to the _____ parietal lobe.
upper; lower