Chapter 4: Phonation

Why are humans more prone to choking?

-the lungs and esophagus openings are located near one another. -the angle between the oral and pharyngeal cavities are at a right angle in adult humans -every other animal has a much wider or more obtuse angle - humans have acute angles

What are the 5 main muscles that serve to adjust the vocal folds in fundamental frequency of phonation?

1.

What is periodic sound?

A regular S-Shaped pattern which repeats itself.

What are the 3 cartilages of the larynx?

Arytenoid, thyroid and cricoid

Quantal sounds

Can be produced with relative imprecision and with little changes in their acoustic structure. They don't affect acoustics

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing and chewing. More common in elderly people and stroke victims.

What is an advantage of the right angle?

It allows us to have two independently resonating cavities-- that is the tongue can more easily divide the vocal tract into two cavities: oral and pharyngeal, which can resonate independently.

How many hertz per second to females and males speak?

Males tend to talk 100/second Females 200/second

Can the vocal folds vibrate under almost any condition?

No, there must be specific conditions met. The vocal folds must be adducted with some tension and the pressure under the vocal folds must be more than the pressure above them.

What causes a man's thyroid cartilages to protrude (aka Adam's apple)?

The laminal crest is more acute in men

What is Hertz?

The measurement of times per second for speech. Involves one complete opening and closing of the vocal folds.

What is the primary function of the vocal folds?

To act as a valve for the lungs and protect them from aspiration of food and other substances into the lungs. They are also essential for the production of speech.

Why do we call them vocal folds instead of vocal cords?

Vocal folds is the preferred name because they don't vibrate freely like a cord does.

Complex aperiodic wave

doesn't repeat, voiceless, fricative

What's the advantage of 2 independently resonating cavities?

more acoustically stable

What is pitch?

the way a listener perceives a speaker's fundamental frequency. Increased FF causes the listener to perceive an increase in pitch.

Complex periodic wave

vowels, repeats, voiced