Chapter 4- Psychology 110

Two main problems with Circadian Rhythms ? and what is a circadian rhythm?

1. Disruptions In normal sleep: includes jet lag when traveling and weird work hours 2. Insufficient Sleep: When we do not get enough sleep for a chronic period of time we develop sleep debt This can cause decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.

How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis?

1. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotist's words or a ticking watch. 2. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. 3. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. 4. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination.

_________ have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release.

Amphetamines While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

agonists and antagonists roles?

An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity.

Depressants serve as _______ for the gaba neurotransmitters.

agonists

drugs can act as _______ of a given neurotransmitter system.

agonists or antagonists

stage 1 sleep is associated with both what kind of waves?

alpha and theta. It is really easy to wake someone up in stage 1

What did carl Jung believe about dreams?

believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious, as described by Jung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.

sleep apnea is when...

by episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops. These episodes can last 10-20 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is ...

characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.

a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours?

circadian rhythm example: Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environment's natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness.

What drugs are in the stimulant category?

cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine.

Some forms of psychotherapy, such as ____________, can help sufferers of insomnia

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Stage 3 and stage 4 of sleep are often referred to as...

deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because these stages are characterized by low frequency (up to 4 Hz), high amplitude delta waves. During this time, an individual's heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 and stage 4 than during earlier stages.

Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using ?

electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well.

it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an ...

empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment.

The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our ...

endogenous neurotransmitter systems

Awareness of internal stimuli includes...

feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions

It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience....

increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely.

Biological Rhythms?

internal rhythms of biological activity. A woman's menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythm

Physical dependence?

involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use.

What is a depressant?

is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines

What are K-complexes?

is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments

the pineal gland releases _____ during sleep.

melatonin

Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including:

melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone .

Awareness of external stimuli includes...

seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend.

stage 2 sleep?

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep.

How does hypnosis work?

1.dissociation: hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. 2. performance of a social role: sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. As you will learn when you study social roles, people's behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Some view a hypnotized person's behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role.

non-REM (NREM) sleep is subdivided into ______ distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves.

4 stages

_________ has shown to be promising in dealing with circadian disruptions.

Bright light therapy

What did freud think about dreams??

By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist Sigmund Freud had become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. *****Manifest content is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream.***** For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the woman's fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a man's penis.

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

Central sleep apnea

our awareness of internal and external stimuli.

Consciousness

During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both...

FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system

In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of__________.

Homeostasis

_______ is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.

Hypnosis

Hypnosis has been used to ...

In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someone's memory.

_______ is a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders

Insomnia

________ is the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment.

Meditation , also has its roots in religious practice

What is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

Parasomnia

Brain waves during _______ appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness.

REM Sleep

_______ is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone.

REM Sleep

Dreams occur in which stage of sleep?

REM sleep

Which term refers to the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness?

Sleep regulation

What are some examples of parasomnia?

Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors

SIDS?

Sudden Infant death syndrome- most common cause of babies. Factors include: belly sleeping, drugs, premature birth

Why do we sleep?

There is no true answer but there are many hypothesis'.... Including 1.Adaptive function of sleep-sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. (little research to support this) 2.Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. 1. Cognitive Function of sleep: Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleep's importance for cognitive function and memory formation . The less sleep we have, the less cognitive function we have

What is the main negative symptom of substance use disorder?

These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug.

Obstructive sleep apnea

This type of apnea occurs when your throat muscles intermittently relax and block your airway during sleep. A noticeable sign of obstructive sleep apnea is snoring.

Describe Narcolepsy

a person with narcolepsy cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. These sleep episodes are often associated with cataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.

What are spindles??

a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

Night terrors result in...

a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

he sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that ....

dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

What is cognitive -behavioral therapy?

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia

A __________ is one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations.

hallucinogen

psychological dependence ?

has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.

What might happen if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol?

her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

What are Lucid Dreams??

in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dream's content

sleep is distinguished by?

low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness.

The _________ of a dream is the actual literal content and storyline of the dream.

manifest content

What is the criteria for Insomnia?

one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one month's time

An _______ is one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.

opioid Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system—the body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Natural opioids, called opiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant.

Sleepwalking most often occurs during..

slow wave sleep but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals also known as somnambulism

The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the________.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina.

Describe stimulants..

tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs when ...

the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease

Homeostasis?

the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Some of these areas include...

the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCN—the biological clock of the body—in addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

________ is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.

tolerance

Stage 1 sleep is a....

transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature.

True or false? Loss of REM sleep can actually be beneficial

true

A person with restless leg syndrome has...

uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.

A person who has a substance use disorder often ?

uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences

REM rebound?

when people will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated.