Chapter 4 quiz

natural selection

Unlike the biological species concept, the ecological species concept emphasizes the role of what in new species formation? -random genetic drift -mutation -reproductive isolation -natural selection

traits that occur in the last common ancestor of a certain group of species but that have been eliminated in the evolution of some of those species

What are ancestral character traits? -character traits that must be used when constructing phylogenies -traits that occur in the last common ancestor of a certain group of species but that have been eliminated in the evolution of some of those species -traits that are more specialized than derived characters -features that have evolved since the time of the last common ancestor of the species under consideration

macroevolution

What is the evolutionary process leading to the formation of a new species? -microevolution -the apex of natural selection -molecular evolution -macroevolution

comparative method

What is the technique for deducing the function of morphological traits and/or behaviors in related species? -smart evolutionist method -comparative method -taxonomic classification scheme -ancestral hypothesis

Although both species are bipedal, they do not share a common bipedal ancestor, so the trait is analogous.

"Chickens and humans walk on two legs and are, therefore, closely related." Which of the following is a valid criticism of this statement? -There is not enough time within the molecular clock for humans and chickens to have converged in their genomes. -Although both species are bipedal, they do not share a common bipedal ancestor, so the trait is analogous. -Humans lactate and chickens don't, so the origin of each species' bipedalism has to be different. -Allopatric speciation created geographic isolation between humans and chickens, so their bipedalism evolved independently.

interbreed and are reproductively isolated

A biological species is composed of organisms that do what? -interbreed and are reproductively isolated -exploit the same ecological niche -live in the same general region and interbreed -are phenotypically identical

total separation of two populations by a physical barrier

Allopatric speciation requires which of the following? -introduction of two populations to each other, forming a hybrid zone -extreme natural selection in a hostile environment -total separation of two populations by a physical barrier -partial genetic isolation combined with natural selection

the construction of phylogenies

Anthropologist Robert Martin recommends use of the term systematics to refer to which of the following? -the distinction between homologous and analogous characters -the construction of phylogenies -the study of genetics -the use of phylogenies in naming and classification

derived trait

Bipedalism in humans, when compared to knuckle walking in the great apes, represents what type of process or trait? -convergence -unrelated phenomenon -derived trait -ancestral trait

sympatric, parapatric, allopatric

If you were to order the three types of speciation—allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric—in terms of geographic isolation, from no isolation to complete isolation, which of the following would be correct? -sympatric, parapatric, allopatric -parapatric, allopatric, sympatric -sympatric, allopatric, parapatric -allopatric, sympatric, parapatric

character displacement

Increased morphological differences between two populations as a result of competition refers to which of the following? -nonrandom mating -synapomorphy -character displacement -gene flow

Species that are phenotypically similar are more closely related than those that are less phenotypically similar

Phylogenies are constructed on the basis of what assumption? -Homologous traits are less frequent than analogous traits. -Similarity based on ancestral characters is very important. -Analogous traits are more important than homologous traits. -Species that are phenotypically similar are more closely related than those that are less phenotypically similar.

strong natural selection

Sympatric speciation contends that speciation can occur exclusively through which of the following? -geographic isolation -strong natural selection -migration -the absence of gene flow

Only descent should matter in taxonomic classification

What do taxonomists of the cladistic taxonomy school believe? -Behavior and morphology should be used in taxonomic classification. -Descent and physical similarity should be used to determine classification. -Morphology alone should be used in taxonomic classification. -Only descent should matter in taxonomic classification.

where gene flow may occur between two populations of differing characteristics

What is a hybrid zone? -where different ecological resources combine -where a species finds a niche to fill and undergoes adaptive radiation -where gene flow may occur between two populations of differing characteristics -where two populations of the same species but with differing characteristics coexist but do not interbreed

When its similarity is due to descent from a common ancestor.

When would a systematist say that a character is homologous? -When its similarity is due to descent from a common ancestor. -When its similarity is a result of convergence. -When it diverges from similar characters in other populations as a result of gene flow. -When it diverges from similar characters in other populations as a result of selection.

A single kind of animal or plant diversifies to fill many available niches

Which of the following best describes the process of adaptive radiation? -Mutation intensifies in a population as a result of environmental factors. -Genetic material moves within parts of a population or from one population to another. -Two species evolve to a point at which they can interbreed. -A single kind of animal or plant diversifies to fill many available niches.

They have evolved since the time of the last common ancestor of a group of species.

Which of the following is true of derived characters? -They have evolved since the time of the last common ancestor of a group of species. -They are significantly more complex than ancestral characters. -They were possessed by both the current species and its distant ancestor. -They distinguish similar species from each other.

sympatric speciation

Which of the following processes has not been observed in nature and has only been produced in laboratory populations? -character displacement -adaptive radiation -reinforcement -sympatric speciation

Species can be maintained without gene flow

Which of the following statements about gene flow is accurate? -The biological species concept does not rely on gene flow. -Species can be maintained without gene flow. -Gene flow is most strongly present in asexual organisms. -Gene flow tends to reduce similarities among members of the same species.

reinforcement

Which process can increase the amount of genetic divergence between two populations? -gene flow -niche exploitation -reinforcement -sexual reproduction

Although the structures look similar and function in the same way, the bat is a mammal and the bones in its wings are more similar to human hands than to a bird's wing

Your cousin insists that bats and finches are closely related because they have wings and can fly. How do you explain that this is not the case? -Bats and finches are recently evolved species, and therefore cannot be related to one another. -Adaptive radiation occurs when there are empty niches, and bats and finches are subspecies of the same population. -Although the structures look similar and function in the same way, the bat is a mammal and the bones in its wings are more similar to human hands than to a bird's wing. -Bats and finches are different species, and the species concept says that there is no genetic relationship between groups of individuals.

She is sort of right; we are closely related to chimpanzees, but both humans and chimps are fairly distantly related to the other apes.

Your grandmother found out you're taking a course on evolution and asks if we are really the same as apes. How do you respond? -There is no evidence for similarities between humans and apes. -We are not, because chimpanzees are more closely related to orangutans than to humans. -It's complicated, since we are closely related to orangutans but not to chimpanzees. -She is sort of right; we are closely related to chimpanzees, but both humans and chimps are fairly distantly related to the other apes.