Chapter 4 Quiz

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________. A) joint activities with more mature members of their society B) interaction with the physical environment C) operant conditioning and modeling D) trial and error

A

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of __________. A) Overextension B) Underextension C) Infant-directed speech D) referential style

A

Sophia's IQ score is 85. She performed as well or better than __________ percent of her agemates. A) 16 B) 36 C) 50 D) 85

A

Which statement is supported by research on babbling? A) For babbling to fully develop, infants must be able to hear human speech. B) Western babies start babbling sooner than non-Western babies. C) Deaf infants do not start babbling until much later than hearing infants. D) Babies with hearing impairments produce the greatest diversity of babbling sounds.

A

According to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, during times of rapid cognitive change, children __________ A) balance assimilation and accommodation B) are in a state of disequilibrium C) are likely to construct inefficient schemes D) assimilate more than they accommodate

B

In Piaget's theory, a __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again. A) mental representation B) circular reaction C) sensorimotor reflex D) goal-directed behavior

B

In the second year, attraction to __________ declines and __________ increases. A) stimuli; reflexive action B) novelty; sustained attention C) goal-directed behavior; memory D) intentional behavior; gazing

B

In contrast to the United States, most European countries __________. A) do not regulate the child-care industry B) offer government-subsidized child care only to low-SES families C) nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality D) do not require that caregivers have special training in child development

C

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________. A) the tertiary circular reaction B) reflexive schemes C) object permanence D) deferred imitation

C

__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning. A) Automatic processes B) Working memory C) Executive function D) Mirror neurons

C

Infant intelligence tests are somewhat better at making long-term predictions for __________ babies as opposed to __________ babies. A) average scoring; high or low scoring B) extremely high scoring; average scoring C) high or low scoring; average scoring D) extremely low scoring; average scoring

D

Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation __________. A) have little impact on language development because language emerges spontaneously B) foster referential communication skills C) contribute to a decline in infantile amnesia D) create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands

D

Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia. A) the development of object permanence B) an implicit memory system C) acquiring mnemonic strategies D) the advent of a clear self-image

D

__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them. A) Executive functions B) Sensory processes C) Permanent functions D) Automatic processes

D

__________ sustains the benefits of growing up in an economically advantaged family and can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life. A) Permissive parenting B) Even low-quality child care C) Authoritarian parenting D) Good child care

D