Chapter 4 Social Review

Explain the difference between a law and a policy

A law describes principles or conditions that must be followed. A policy describes objectives of the government

What does it mean to be a "Status Indian"?

An individual citizen who has all the benefits of the Indian Act because of their bloodline.

By using their rights to learn and live in their native French language, what are Francophone Canadians able to say?

"I'm legitimate. I have a right to be here."

How many Numbered Treaties were there?

11

Write the significant events for Canadian Francophones for each date

1608: Samuel de Champlain founds the city of Québec, and establishes New France in North America. 1774: Britain passes the Québec Act, recognizing the rights of Francophones to their language and identity. 1867: Confederation establishes Canada as a bilingual, bicultural nation under the British North America (BNA) Act. 1969: The Official Languages Act reasserts the equality of French and English as official languages of Canada, as established at Confederation. 1982: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms confirms official bilingualism and establishes official language minority education rights.

Describe how Canadians' views of Riel's actions have changed over time by briefly jotting down attitudes toward Riel in 1885 versus the present:

1885: Canada's government, and many Anglophones, agreed with Riel's sentence. Most Francophones opposed it, and saw it as a betrayal of the Francophone-Anglophone agreement at the foundation of Confederation. Present: Many Canadians — including Francophones, Anglophones and the Métis — consider Louis Riel a "Father of Confederation" who upheld the rights of Aboriginal peoples and Francophones in western Canada.

What effect has the Charter had on Francophone educational rights in Alberta at the preset time?

Alberta has 26 publicly funded Francophone schools and across Canada, Francophones outside Québec have established more than 25 school boards, including 5 in Alberta.

In what way is Canada's constitution unique

Canada's constitution has Collective Rights which makes us different from other countries.

Reasons for First Nations entering into treaties

Canada's government agreed to terms covering First Nations' education, reserves, annuities and other matters It was a way for them to live in harmony with the European Settlers It was a way to secure their future

Explain the main difference in perspective of the numbered treaties between Canada's government and the First Nations. Make one point about Land (attitudes toward land) and Language (differences between written and oral language)

Canada's government believes First Nations gave up their land under the Treaties. Many First Nations disagree, since they do not think of land as something anyone can "own" or "give up." First Nations recorded the Treaties in their oral histories in their own languages. Canada's government recorded the Treaties in writing in English. The oral and written records disagree on key aspects of the Treaties.

What must Francophones do 'conscientiously and often?'

Choose to stay a Francophone and not be assimilated.

What 2 reasons are given for certain groups getting Collective Rights while others don't?

Collective rights recognize the founding peoples of Canada. Canada would not exist today without the contribution of these peoples. Collective rights come from the roots of Aboriginal peoples, Francophones and Anglophones in the land and history of Canada.

What languages are spoken in the 3 Language Majority Areas on the map of Canada and describe where each area is

English: Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Newfoundland, Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick French: Quebec Inuktitut: Nunavut

The numbered treaties - the law - said that the federal government was responsible for providing education to first nations. How did they do this?

The policy of the federal government was to provide this through residential schools.

What is the word for this attitude the gov't had toward First Nations culture?

Ethnocentrism

Reasons for Canadian Government entering into treaties

First Nations agreed to share their lands and resources in peace The government wanted to build a railroad

In order to become 'contributing members of our country and the world' what must Francophone students be able to do?

For Francophone students to become contributing members of our country and the world, they need to learn in their first language, and in an environment that supports their identity.

Explain the difference between the terms "Indian" and "First Nations"

Indian was the word used to describe the first nations while the europeans thought they were in India while first nation is the proper term for the people that lived in america first.

List at least 5 ways that the Indian Act tried to assimilate First Nations peoples.

It defined how First Nations peoples had to conduct their affairs, such as band elections, although First Nations had their own ways of governing themselves The act restricted the right of First Nations people to travel freely The act restricted the right of First Nations people to take political action The act restricted the right of First Nations people to wear traditional dress The act restricted the right of First Nations people to take part in traditional ceremonies Until 1960, the act required First Nations people to give up their legal identity and Treaty rights to gain the right to vote

In your own words, explain what 2 things the Royal Proclamation of 1763 accomplished

It established control over the lands formerly claimed by France It recognized First Nations' rights to land and established the principle of making treaties with First Nations' through peaceful negotiation

Why was Canada made a bilingual and bicultural nation in 1867?

It guaranteed public schools for the Protestant minority in Québec and the Catholic minorities in the rest of Canada. The "rest of Canada" at that time included Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. These religion-based rights corresponded to English-French language divisions in Canada at the time, since most Protestants spoke English and most Catholics spoke French.

How does it help to learn and retell the stories of other Francophones?

It helps them so they can create with them, and find new ways of being Francophone.

List 3 reasons why people feel minority language schools are important.

It shows people that everybody's different, and nobody's better than somebody else just because they speak another language. It would be really useful to speak both French and English when trying to pursue a career. It is important to be educated in your mother tongue.

Who led the Red River Resistance?

Louis Riel

Louis Riel led the Northwest Resistance to protect Métis lands in (what is now) Saskatchewan. What happened to Riel as a result?

Louis Riel was tried and hung for treason in Regina on November 16, 1885.

Look up Louis Riel online and list a few interesting facts about the man including what happened to him at the end of his life.

Louis Riel's father, who was also a Métis organizer, was known as the Miller of the Seine. Riel might have become a missionary were it not for his father's early death in 1864. Louis Riel refused to be deemed insane during his trial, even when it may have saved his life. He suffered from metal illnesses Louis Riel was tried and hung for treason in Regina on November 16, 1885.

What was the difference between the way the Metis and the gov't of Canada viewed the importance of negotiating? How would you feel if you were a Metis? Why?

Metis thought it was important to negotiate while the government of Canada did not think it was important. I would be upset that I was being discriminated against because of who I am.

What 3 groups did Louis Riel identify with (cultural identities)?

Metis, Francophone, Catholic

What does it mean to say that the collective rights of First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples are a work in progress?

Negotiations between Aboriginal peoples and Canada's government continue today, including negotiations to establish modern Treaties and to clarify rights related to the sovereignty of Aboriginal peoples

What are Collective Rights?

Rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society for historical and constitutional reasons.

What does Section 23 of the Charter grant to minority language communities? Why does size matter?

Section 23 of the Charter says that a French-speaking or English- speaking minority population of sufficient size in any province has the right to publicly funded schools that serve their language community. Size is important so that the government will be using taxpayers money effectively so it will benefit a large group of people.

What does Official Bilingualism guarantee for Canadian citizens?

Sections 16 to 20 of the Charter establish French and English as official languages of Canada, and the right of Canadian citizens to conduct their affairs with the federal government in either official language.

Describe the 2 different views of Métis rights in Alberta since 2004

Some endorse the rights and see them as part of the Métis' heritage as an Aboriginal people. Others believe everyone in Alberta should have the same rights to hunt and fish, under laws and licensing regulations set by the provincial government.

What were the Canadian government perspective on Metis Rights

The Métis did not have the same rights to land as First Nations and did not require reserves.

How are Metis different from First Nations people?

The Métis do not have any historic treaties with Canada's government.

Why didn't the Metis use the script to buy land? Where did they go instead?

The Métis found it difficult to use scrip to establish a large tract of land where they could live together. They moved west, into what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.

What were the Metis perspective on Metis Rights

The Métis have rights to land as an Aboriginal people.

What was the intention of the Numbered Treaties and the Indian Act?

The Numbered Treaties confirmed the Canadian government's duty to protect the collective rights of First Nations. The Indian Act was one way the government attempted to do this.

Instead of giving the Metis their promised land, what did the gov't give the Metis?

The government issued them script.

Which groups have Collective Rights?

These groups are: Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations, Métis and Inuit; and Francophones and Anglophones

Why are Francophones living in Alberta considered to be living in a 'minority setting' and therefore qualify for minority language rights?

They are part of a group that speaks French which is one of Canada's official languages and do not make up the majority of the population of Alberta.

What will happen to Francophones identity if they aren't constantly paying attention to their French identity?

They can become assimilated.

Explain why some First Nations people rejected the suggested changes to the Indian Act?

They reject the bill in principle, because it does not recognize their status as nations with the right to make rules for themselves

Why did Canada's government think they could make laws without consulting First Nations peoples?

This connects to Canada's colonial past, when people of European descent believed their cultures superior to other cultures.

How were Métis collective rights recognized in 1982?

When the constitution was patriated, it included section 35, which recognizes the Métis as one of Canada's Aboriginal peoples with rights. (Their rights were embedded into the constitution)

"The Charter of Rights & Freedoms says you can be _________ and _________________ at the same time.... It says we can be different from one another, and that we are all ___________________________ too..... The Charter reflects our common __________ to add our different _________________ to Canada, not _______________ them."

equal / different / first-class citizens / goal / identities / replace

In 2003 the Supreme Court ruled that Métis had the right to _______ and _______

hunt / fish

"The proclamation recognized First Nations' right to __________ and established the principle of making _______________ with the First Nations through peaceful _________________________."

land / treaties / negotiation