Chapter 4- The Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber.

DRI Committee: Carbohydrate should range from __ to __ of total calories.

65%

Dietary guidelines: Added sugars should be ___ of total calories.

<10%

When blood glucose rises _____ is released.

Insulin

What is starch? Interms of molecular strcututre?

Starch is a polysaccharide made up of many glucose units bonded together.

Dietary guidelines: Carbohydrates should Range from ___ to ___ of total calories.

50%

Where else is glucose stored?

Muscles and Liver

How many hours after a meal for all the starch to be digested and absorbed and circulated throughout all of the cells?

1-4 hours.

Identify two recommendations of optimal dental health.

1. Brush teeth before bed 2. Don't allow infant to sleep w/ a bottle.

What are three risk factors associated with Diabetes?

1. Hypertension 2. neuropathy 3. Blood vessels degrade= necrosis

What are two types of fiber?

1. Soluble 2. Insoluble

What are three potential health benefits from consuming adequete fiber?

1. Speeds up digestion 3. Gut health 4. Cardiovascular health

The cells can either _____ glucose, use it for ____, or convert it to _____

1. Store 2. Current energy needs 3. Fat

Which typical nutrients are added to Enriched grains?

1. Vitamin B 2. Riboflaxin. 3. Thiamine

What are two sugar alcohols?

1. Xylitol 2. Sorbitol

Dietary guidelines: Fiber Intake should be __ gram per 1000 calories consumed.

14 grams per 1000 calories. (25-35 grams consumed in 2000 cal count).

DRI Committee: Added sugars should have a maximum upper limit of __ percent or less of total calories.

25%

DRI Committee: Adult women under 50 years of age should consume __ of Fiber per day.

25g

DRI Committee: Adult men under 50 years of age should consume __ of Fiber per day.

38g

What is the difference between Added sugars and natural sugars?

Added: Sugars added into a beverage/food. Ex: Ice Cream, Soft Drink Natural: Sugars found "naturally" in fruits/vegetables Ex: Bananna, Apples.

What parts remain after milling a Enriched grain?

Endosperm

What parts remain after milling a Whole Grain?

Endosperm, germ, bran

In dietary fiber, the bonds that hold units of fiber together...?

Cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes. Some of the bacteria can break bonds in the digestive track.

Are there treatments for lactose intolerance? What food are better tolerated?

Consume small amount of lactose, Buy products w/lactase enzyme (Pills), Aged Cheeses + Fermented dairy products.

What are Disaccharides? Identify food sources of Disaccharides.

Disaccharides is two sugar molecules bonded. 1. Sucrose (Glucose+Fructose)= Sugar cane, most sweets (Table sugar) 2. Maltose (Glucose+Glucose)= Sprouted seeds, Beer 3. Lactose (Glucose+ Galactose)= Milk

What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

Dizziness, high blood sugars, glucose in urine.

What is excess glucose stored as?

Fat

Complex starches include.....?

Fiber and starches

When blood glucose is low ____ is released.

Glucagon

What is the basic unit that each cell of the body uses for energy?

Glucose

What are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Irritable, weakness, fatigue, lowered brain function.

Following absorption, the ____ converts any carbohydrates in that were not converted into glucose.

Liver

What are monosaccharides? Identify food sources of monosaccharides.

Monosaccharides is one sugar molecule. 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose

What is the difference between Refined and Whole grains?

Refined: Milled to remove the husk, bran, germ; only leaving endosperm. In the process alot of nutrients are removed Whole Grains: Only husk is removed, nutrients remain in whole grains.

What is Lactose intolerance? What causes lactose intolerance.

The inability to digest lactose as a result of not having the enzyme lactase.

Why was the Enriched process started?

To provide nutrients in the most demanded product.

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1: Cells can't produce insulin; autoimmune disease. Type 2: Likely caused by obesity ; Cells produce insulin, but just can't absorb it. = Elevated blood sugar.

What are two staple grains used around the world?

Wheat and rice.