Chapter 4- Tissue

One layer of cells that are taller than they are wide where almost all cells touch the basement membrane and extend to the free surface

Simple columnar

Ducts of endocrine glands

Simple cuboidal

One layer of cells that are as wide as they are tall that rest on a basement membrane

Simple cuboidal

Lining of alveoli

Simple squamos

One layer of flat, or scalelike cells that rest on a basement membrane

Simple squamous

Hold cells together and form a permeability barrier

Tight junctions

Supporting connective tissue,

cartilage/ bone

Epithelial tissue can be

classified according to cell shape and number of layers.

Fibers:

collagen, reticular, elastic, responsible for the flexibility of bone, and resists tensile forces

outer portion of all bones

compact bone

Loose and dense connective tissue

connective tissue proper

Pseudostratified epithelia appear to have more than one cell layer because of the arrangements of the cells

nuclei

Special type of simple epithelium where it appears to be stratified but is not

Pseudostratified columnar

epithelial basement membrane sits on this

areolar connective tissue

Connective tissue proper:

areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, dense elastic

Lining of uterine tubes

Ciliated simple columnar

Skeletal muscle

attached to bone, moves the body, long multinucleated fibers

The basal surface of most epithelial tissues is attached to a

basement membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.

Fluid connective tissue:

blood

transports O, CO2, and other substances

blood

Fluid connective tissue

blood/hemopoietic tissue

produces new blood cells and stores lipids

bone marrow

Epitheial tissue, or

epithelium covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.

The body surfaces include the

exterior surface and the lining of digestive and respiratory tracts and many body cavities.

Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells, with very little

extracellular matrixbetween them.

invertebrate disks, pubic symphysis

fibrocartilage

Blood

fluid connective tissue

Areolar Tissue

forms the basement of epithelia, found in the tissues that hold tissue together, forms the serous membrane of the lungs

Elastic cartilage

forms the pinna of the ear, allows structures to stretch and return to original space

Fibrocartilage

found in the intervertebral discs, absorbs compressive forces in the spine

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms

glands that are derived developmentally from body surfaces.

Ground substance:

glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin, hydroxypatite, responsible for the stiffness of catilage, protects chondrocytes

allows the growth of long bones

hyaline cartilage

Supporting connective tissue:

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, compact bone

Hyaline cartilage

lines the surfaces of movable joints, provides a low-friction surface, holds open passages so we can breathe

Stable cells

liver and pancreatic cells, do not divide after their growth stops, but can divide in response to injury

precursor to adult connective tissues

mensenchyme

The basement membrane helps attach the epithelial cells to underlying tissues, and it plays an important role in supporting and guiding cell

migration during tissue repair.

Epithelial cells retain the ability to undergo

mitosis and therefore are able to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.

Permanent cells

most neurons and cardiac myocytes, very limited ability to replicate and if killed they are usually replaced by other cells types

umbilical cord of the newborn

mucous connective tissue

Adipose Tissue

stores energy, found immediately deep to the skin

cartilage and bone

supporting connective tissue

Columnar cells are tall and

thin

Smooth muscle

uniculeated cells have tapered ends, moves food through digestive tract, hollow organs and blood vessels

Cardiac muscle

uninucleated striated branched cells, pumps blood

Healing the skin wound

1. a clot forms 2. a scab forms on the surface of the skin 3. fibroblasts form granulation tissue 4. connective tissue replaces granulation tissue

Cut process

1. tissue damage occurs and bacteria are introduced 2. chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in injured tissues 3. chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate and the skin to become red 4. fluid leaves the capillaries, producing swelling 5. white blood cells leave the dilated blood vessels and move the site of infection 6. white blood cells begin to phagocytize bacteria and debris

Move materials across the free structure of cell

Cilia

Keratinized squamos epithelium and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Cutaneous membrane

Disk-shaped structures with especially adhesive glycoproteins

Desmosomes

Allow adjacent cells to communicate with each other

Gap junction

The source of all other connective tissues

Mescenchyme

Nonmotile and increase surface area of the cell

Microvilli

Located only in the umbilical cord

Mucous connective tissue

Composed of an epithelia and an underlying lamina propria; lines cavities that open to the outside

Mucous membrane

Lining of most of the digestive tract

Nonciliated simple columnar

Composed of mesothelium and underlying layer of connective tissue, lines cavities that do not open to the outside

Serous membrane

Elongated microvilli found in sensory structures

Stereocillia

Many layers of cells where most cell are as wide as they are tall

Stratified cuboidal

Many layers of cells near the basement membrane are cubed shaped, but at the free surface are flat

Stratified squamos

Composed of either fibrous, adipose, or areolar tissue; lines cavities that surround synovial joints

Synovial membrane

energy storage

adipose

tensile strength capable of withstanding stretch in all directions

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

capable of strength with stretching and recoil in several directions

dense irregular elastic connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

dense regular collagenous connective tissue

vocal folds and ligaments b/t vertebrae

dense regular elastic connective tissue

Connective tissue proper

dense/loose

Blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue do not penetrate the basement membrane; thus all gases and nutrients carried in the blood must reach the epithelium by

diffusion

Labile cells

divide throughout life, adult stem cells

external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tubes

elastic cartilage

Most epithelial tissues have one free,

or apical surface not attached to other cells.

Reticular Connective Tissue:

provides supportive framework for the spleen, found in bone marrow

provides superstructure for lymphatic tissue

reticular tissue

Layers that are one cell thick are called

simple and those that are more than one cell thick are called stratified.

inside skull bones, vertebrae, and sternum

spongy bone

Thin, flat, scaly cells are described as

squamous

Cuboidal cells appear either rounded,

square or even somewhat pie-sliced in shape.