Chapter 4 (TISSUE)

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of __?__. A.fibroblasts and ground substance B.calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes C.protein fibers and ground substance D.enzymes and membranous organelles E.keratinized cells and protein fibers

C.protein fibers and ground substance

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called __?__. A.fibroblasts B.reproductive cells C.stem cells D.granulocytes E.parenchymal cells

C.stem cells

Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue.

Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Adipocytes store triglycerides and provide cushioning. There are a number of white blood cells that are commonly found in connective tissue. Most common would be Macrophages that develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections. They are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels. Other white blood cells, such as neutrophils, migrate from blood to connective tissue in response to certain immune system conditions. Otherwise, each connective tissue is characterized by a specialized cell. Examples include osteocytes in bone, chondrocytes in cartilage, and reticulocytes in reticular tissue.

Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.

In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.

Match the type of connective tissue to its classification. Choices - use a choice only once A.CartilageB.LymphC.ReticularD.Elastic Match each of the following to a choice 1.Liquid 2.Dense 3.Supporting 4.Loose

1 - B, 2 - D, 3 - A, 4 - C

Match the matrix with the connective tissue. Choices - use a choice only once A.Blood B.Dense regular C.Cartilage D.Bone Match each of the following to a choice 1.Mineral salts 2.Chondroitin sulfate 3.Collagen 4.Plasma

1 - D, 2 - C, 3 - B, 4 - A

Anne suffers from Ehlers-Danlos, a rare inherited disorder of connective tissue, specifically affecting collagen fibers. Because many connective tissues contain collagen throughout the body, she has issues with many tissues, joints, and skin. Name four (4) tissues that would be affected and where in the body would the damage be seen.

1. Areolar connective tissue in the papillary region of the dermis and the subcutaneous region of the body. 2. Reticular connective tissue's reticular fibers would be affected due to them being modified collagen. The stroma of reticular organs would not be as supportive. 3. Dense regular in ligaments and tendons would be weakened and become more elastic. 4. Dermis, sclera and the periosteum and perichondrium's dense irregular would be affected. 5. Elastic connective tissue located in lungs and blood vessels. 6. Fibrocartilage located in the meniscus and intervertebral discs. 7. Bone would lose much of its strength and become brittle.

Vitamin C is needed for healthy collagen fibers. What tissue will NOT be as affected if vitamin C was absent or present in low amounts? A.Epithelia B.Bones C.Intervertebral discs D.Cartilage E.Ligaments

A.Epithelia

Which epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin? A.Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B.Simple squamous epithelium C.Stratified cuboidal epithelium D.Simple cuboidal epithelium E.Simple columnar epithelium

A.Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Which tissue is found in the stomach? Select all that apply. a) epithelial b) connective c) muscle d) nervous A.abcd B.abc C.ab D.a E.bcd

A.abcd

Which is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found? Select all that apply. a) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin b) Lining the chambers of the heart c) Surrounding the brain d) Inside the epidermis e) In the articular cartilage of joints A.abe B.ace C.abcde D.bce E.bcd

A.abe

Anne suffers from Ehlers-Danlos, a rare inherited disorder of connective tissue, specifically affecting collagen fibers. Because many connective tissues contain collagen throughout the body, she has issues with many tissues, joints, and skin. The ligaments and tendons are loose and heal poorly when stretched too much. Her kneecap pops out of the groove a lot. What specific connective tissue(s) is/are being affected? a) hyaline cartilage b) elastic connective tissue c) dense regular connective tissue d) Areolar connective tissue e) reticular connective tissue A.ac B.bd C.ade D.ce E.b

A.ac

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities. A.adherens junctions and desmosomes B.gap and tight junctions C.hemidesmosomes and desmosomes D.tight junctions and hemidesmosomes E.tight junctions and desmosomes

A.adherens junctions and desmosomes

The strongest, most abundant protein fiber in connective tissue is __?__. A.collagen B.reticular fibers C.elastic fibers D.bone E.cartilage

A.collagen

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue? A.trabeculae B.stroma C.osteon D.lacunae E.lamellae

C.osteon

Place the events in correct order. 1. A blood clot forms 2. An injury cuts through the skin, epithelial and connective tissue. 3. Epithelial tissue has a framework to migrate across 4. Granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue 5. Parenchymal cells and fibroblasts form granulation tissue A.2, 1, 3, 4, 5 B.2, 1, 4, 5, 3 C.3, 5, 4, 2, 1 D.4, 3, 2, 1, 5

B.2, 1, 4, 5, 3

Which epithelial tissue lines most bronchioles and fallopian tubes and moves mucus and oocytes? Select the best answer. A.Stratified columnar epithelium B.Ciliated simple columnar epithelium C.Nonciliated pseudostratified epithelium D.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar E.Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

B.Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Which epithelial tissue is found lining the kidney glomerulus, and performs blood filtration? A.Stratified cuboidal epithelium B.Simple squamous epithelium C.Simple cuboidal epithelium D.Stratified squamous epithelium E.Simple columnar epithelium

B.Simple squamous epithelium

An individual that becomes sedentary due to an ACL operation, will experience muscle ___?___ due to lack of physical activity. A.hypertrophy B.atrophy C.anorexia D.adhesions E.hyperplasia

B.atrophy

Which statements describe the functions of the basement membrane? Select all that apply. a) The basal lamina is a specialized type of extracellular material only secreted by connective tissue cells. b) Blood vessels in connective tissue do not penetrate the basement membrane, requiring nutrients to diffuse to the epithelium tissue. c) Hemidesmosomes connect the reticular lamina to the connective tissue. d) Epithelial cells produce the laminin which attach to the integrins in hemidesmosomes. e) Basement membrane helps support and guide cells in migration during tissue repair. A.abde B.bde C.ab D.cde E.bcde

B.bde

Which cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals? A.muscle cells and fibroblasts B.muscle cells and neurons C.neurons and gap junctions D.neuroglial cells and neurons E.neuroglial cells and muscle cells

B.muscle cells and neurons

Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells found in the tissue.

Based on cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including: 1)squamous which are thin and flat, 2)cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3)columnar are taller than they are wide and 4)transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of layers of cells found in the tissue. These categories include: 1)simple which means a single layer of cells, 2)stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3)pseudostratified which is one layer of cells that appears multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.

Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.

A tissue has these characteristics: apical surface, single layer of tall narrow cells, brush border, goblet cells. What descriptors illusstrate what this tissue should be capable of doing or being? 1. secretion 2. absorption 3. simple epithelium 4. stratified epithelium 5. squamous cells 6. columnar cells 7. cuboidal cells 8. movement A.1, 3, 6, 8 B.2, 3, 5, 8 C.1, 2, 3, 6 D.2, 4, 7, 8 E.1, 2, 4, 7, 8

C.1, 2, 3, 6

Which epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and oil glands? A.Stratified squamous epithelium B.Simple squamous epithelium C.Stratified cuboidal epithelium D.Pseudostratified columnar epithelium E.Transitional epithelium

C.Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Mucous membranes line many passages. Select all that apply. a) digestive b) respiratory c) urinary d) reproductive e) auditory A.bd B.abcde C.abcd D.ae E.cde

C.abcd

Sebaceous glands are structurally classified as simple __?__ glands and functionally classified as __?__. A.coiled tubular; merocrine B.branched tubular; apocrine C.branched acinar; holocrine D.branched tubular; holocrine E.branched acinar; apocrine

C.branched acinar; holocrine

Nutrients reach the epidermis by __?__. A.the products of merocrine glands B.only to the level of the basement membrane. The outer layer of the skin does not require nutrients because the external layer of cells is not living. C.diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis D.absorbing material applied to the surface layer of the skin

C.diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

Mesenchyme will differentiate into all EXCEPT __?__. A.osteoblasts B.fibroblasts C.keratinocytes D.chondroblasts E.erythrocytes

C.keratinocytes

___?____ are the abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair. A.Granulations B.Cysts C.Fibrosis D.Adhesions E.Cancers

D.Adhesions

Which polysaccharide is commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues? A.Starch B.Glycogen C.Cholesterol D.Hyaluronic acid E.Melanin

D.Hyaluronic acid

In which area would transitional epithelial cells be found? A.Covering the kidneys B.On the surface of the heart C.Outer layer of skin D.Lining of the urinary bladder E.Lining of the esophagus

D.Lining of the urinary bladder

Which membrane reduces friction between organs? A.Basement B.Synovial C.Cutaneous D.Serous E.Mucous

D.Serous

Which membrane lines freely moveable joints? A.Mucous B.Cutaneous C.Serous D.Synovial

D.Synovial

Because the entire cell is part of the secretion, __?__ glands produce the most viscous secretions. A.apocrine B.merocrine C.endocrine D.holocrine E.exocrine

D.holocrine

Functional classification of exocrine glands is based on __?__. A.the shape of the gland B.how the secretory product is synthesized C.the size of the gland D.how the secretory product is released E.how many of the glands there are

D.how the secretory product is released

What connective tissue is replaced by bone in the epiphyseal plates? A.dense regular connective tissue B.dense irregular connective tissue C.fibrocartilage D.hyaline cartilage E.elastic connective tissue

D.hyaline cartilage

Which of the following cell types supports the electrically excitable cells found in the nervous system? A.dendrites B.muscle cells C.axons D.neuroglial cells E.neurons

D.neuroglial cells

Which of the following tissues would you expect to find in a mucous membrane? A.simple squamous epithelia B.stratified cuboidal epithelia C.stratified columnar epithelia D.pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia E.transitional epithelia

D.pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

An infant has a genetic disorder that affects the thermogenic gene in brown fat. What may be an outcome of this disorder? The infant would have difficulty __?__. A.protecting organs B.repairing tissues C.storing reserves of energy D.regulating body temperature E.absorbing nutrients from the intestines

D.regulating body temperature

Which of the following tissues would you expect to find in a salivary gland? A.stratified squamous epithelia B.simple squamous epithelia C.transitional epithelia D.stratified cuboidal epithelia E.pseudostratified columnar epithelia

D.stratified cuboidal epithelia

The __?__ of a non-hollow organ is formed from reticular fibers that support the functional cells of organs such as the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. A.matrix B.glycosaminoglycans C.parenchyma D.stroma E.ground substance

D.stroma

Electrical signals called __?___ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called ___?__ that are then used to communicate with other cells. A.action potentials; hormones B.graded potentials; cytokines C.threshold potentials; cytokines D.threshold potentials; neurotransmitters E.action potentials; neurotransmitters

E.action potentials; neurotransmitters

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of __?__. A.hyaline cartilage B.bone C.dense irregular connective tissue D.elastic cartilage E.fibrocartilage

E.fibrocartilage

The component of connective tissue that is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together, is called the __?__. A.matrix B.formed elements C.basement membrane D.plasma membrane E.ground substance

E.ground substance

Spongy bone tissue lacks __?__. A.osteocytes B.lacunae C.canaliculi D.lamellae E.haversian canals

E.haversian canals

Which of the following tissues would you expect to find in a serous membrane? A.transitional epithelia B.stratified columnar epithelia C.stratified cuboidal epithelia D.pseudostratified columnar epithelia E.simple squamous epithelia

E.simple squamous epithelia

Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon and compare it to trabeculae.

Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves. Trabeculae of spongy bone have similar components but lack the haversian system. Trabeculae still contain lamellaem osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi. The spaces within the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow.

Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.

Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.

_______ glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched.

Multicellular

Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions.

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.

Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.