Chapter 4

Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of protein. About how many ribosomes would you expect there to be in a pancreatic cell?

several million

The plasma membrane would fit into which general function category?

support, movement, and communication

Where in a cell is ATP made?

mitochondria

Which cell structure is responsible for metabolism?

mitochondrion

The genetic center of the eukaryotic cell is the __________.

nucleus

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

The plant cell wall

Which of the following are stored in the lysosomes of the cell?

digestive enzymes

Cilia and flagella move thanks to the energy provided by __________, a special motor protein that can harvest energy from ATP.

dynein arms

Which is a typical function of lysosomes?

breaking down of damaged organelles, such as mitochondria

A normal size range for a typical eukaryotic cell is _____.

10 to 100 micrometers

The eyepiece of a light microscope has a magnification level of 10x. If you were looking at a paramecium under the lowest-power objective (4x), what would be the total magnification of the microscope at this setting?

40x

The purpose of cellular respiration is the production of __________.

ATP

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Converts chemical fuel for energy

Motichondrion

Many researchers think that the first eukaryotic cells obtained energy for life-sustaining functions from organic compounds. Given this information, which of the following organelles most likely appeared last in eukaryotic cells?

chloroplast

Which cellular organelle is required for photosynthesis to occur in eukaryotic cells?

chloroplast

What changes would you expect to see in the liver cells of someone suffering from chronic alcoholism?

increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum activity

What component of the cell membrane connects signals from the outside of the cell with the inside of the cell and vice versa?

integrins

The nucleolus __________.

is rich in ribosomal RNA

The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____

its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they _____.

lack a nucleus

Digestive cells produce and secrete many enzymes that break down ingested food. These cells have a large number of ribosomes __________.

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area that is _____ and a volume that is _____. When this volume is broken into many smaller cells, that are 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm, the sum of the surface areas of the smaller cells is _____ than the surface area of the initial cell.

60,000 mm2 ... 1,000,000 mm3 ... larger

Stores genetic info

Nucleus

Mitochondria are found in _____.

both plant cells and animal cells

The protein actin is a component of a(n) __________.

microfilament

Most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is in the _____.

nucleus

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

synthesizing receptor proteins

Lysosomes are derived from __________ and function in __________.

the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum ... digestion of worn-out organelles

The term resolving power refers to _____.

the clarity of the image in showing two objects as separate

Membrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to __________.

the endoplasmic reticulum

To enter or leave any cell, substances must pass through _____.

the plasma membrane

If you wished to clearly observe the organelles inside of a white blood cell, which type of microscope would you choose?

transmission electron microscop

Which microscope would be best suited to the measurement of the internal structures of a bacterial cell?

transmission electron microscope

Which of the following structures is essential for the successful operation of the endomembrane system?

transport vesicles

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? The _____ functions in _____. mitochondrion ... photosynthesis ribosome ... manufacture of lipids nucleus ... cellular respiration vacuole ... storage

vacuole ... storage

Breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes

Lyosomes

Synthesizes proteins with mRNA

Ribosome

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored? (animal)

Nucleus

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

In muscle cells, the _____ is/are specialized for the storage and release of calcium.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and eventually used to build a cell's plasma membrane. The protein in the membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the _____.

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system? flagellum cytoskeleton mitochondria Golgi apparatus ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Site of lipid synthesis

Smooth ER

What is the function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

Which of the following is the most likely consequence for a cell lacking functional lysosomes?

The cell becomes crowded with undigested wastes.

describe the function of the chloroplast

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane?

The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.

One function of the central vacuole in plant cells is facilitating cell growth: the central vacuole absorbs water and increases in size, expanding the volume and size of the plant cell while doing so. Animal cells, however, do not grow by this method. What is an essential difference between animal and plant cells that could explain how a plant cell can withstand this expansion of the central vacuole?

The plant cell wall provides a more rigid structure.

How are cell surface proteins exported out of the cell?

The protein is folded, then packaged for transport to the Golgi apparatus.

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common?

They are constructed of interrelated membranes.

A certain cell has a dense nucleoid region, ribosomes, but no membrane-enclosed organelles. Based on this information, it could be __________.

an archaean

Peroxisomes are organelles that are involved in the _____.

breakdown of fatty acids

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

cilia

The function of the chloroplast is to _____.

convert light energy to chemical energy

What are the inner folds of the mitochondria called?

cristae

What mitochondrial feature enhances cellular respiration?

cristae

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton.

Where would ribosomes be located that are responsible for producing enzymes which play a role in sugar metabolism?

cytosol

Which technique allowed scientists to figure out that all cells, and not just muscle cells, contained actin filaments?

electron microscopy

The contractile vacuole __________.

eliminates excess water from the cytoplasm of freshwater protists

Where are chlorophyll molecules located within the chloroplasts?

embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Which of the following structures is directly involved in the passage of electrical signals between cells as, for example, in the vertebrate heart?

gap junctions

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both __________; however, they are different in that only chloroplasts, and not mitochondria, __________.

have a double membrane ... carry out photosynthesis

A disease called primary ciliary dyskenisia is characterized by abnormal ciliary movements. In these cilia, microtubule functioning is disrupted due to microtubules missing an essential component. This disease could be caused by __________.

lack of dynein proteins

The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are not being broken down. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly?

lysosome

Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells? peroxisome chloroplast lysosome mitochondrion

lysosome

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are _____.

metabolically active

When elongated, tube-shaped cells from the lining of the intestine are treated with a certain chemical, the cells sag and become rounded. The internal structures disrupted by this chemical are probably __________.

microtubules

Which of the following cytoplasmic structures functions in the transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?

microtubules

The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of _____.

microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Chloroplasts are found in __________.

plant cells and some protists

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through a(n) _____.

plasmodesma

The cell junctions in plant cells that provide channels between adjacent cells are generally _____.

plasmodesmata

Which plant structure is most like gap junctions in animal cells?

plasmodesmata

In plants, __________ are the cell junctions that allow the free exchange of small molecules that assist in communication. In animal cells, similar cell junctions are known as __________.

plasmodesmata ... gap junctions

Which of the following would distinguish a bacterial cell from an animal cell? replication of DNA presence of a cell wall presence of a plasma membrane production of proteins

presence of a cell wall

Of the following organelles, which group is involved in manufacturing the substances needed by the cell? -smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vacuole -vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum -ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum -lysosome, vacuole, ribosome

ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes

Which of the following structure(s) is/are found in prokaryotic cells? nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria

ribosomes

The architecture of cell surfaces can be viewed in the most detail using a __________.

scanning electron microscope

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____.

secrete a lot of material

Which tissue would likely contain large amounts of anchoring junctions?

stomach tissue

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? -whether or not the cell contains DNA -the presence or absence of ribosomes -whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes -the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall

whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondrion.

Flagella and cilia are both composed of tubulin subunits. Despite this similarity, key differences exist between these two structures. For example, __________.

only cilia move as a coordinated team

You have identified a new organism. It has ribosomes, plasmodesmata, and cell walls made of cellulose. This new organism is most likely a(n) __________.

plant