Chapter 4

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution provides in part that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without the due process of law," nor "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." "establish a religion." "deprive any citizen of the right to free speech on account of that citizen's former status as a slave." "remove any citizen from the armed forces based on that citizen's race or religion."

"deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

The purpose of Reconstruction can best be characterized as which of the following? A massive and successful social and economic reconstruction of the South A partisan effort by the Republican Party At its roots, a philanthropic endeavor A land reform program designed to provide economic independence for former slaves

A partisan effort by the Republican Party

The commitment of northern Republicans to Reconstruction in the South waned after which of the following? An economic recession led to many Republican losses in the 1874 election. There was the rise of the Ku Klux Klan as an economic force in the northeast. African Americans began voting overwhelmingly for Democrats starting with the 1890 election. There was the outbreak of World War I.

An economic recession led to many Republican losses in the 1874 election.

The 1970 extension of the Voting Rights Act required which of the following with regard to ballots? Ballots be available in Mandarin Chinese where at least 5 percent of the population is Chinese. Ballots be optically scanned to ensure a proper count. Ballots be printed in English only, the official language of the United States. Ballots be available in Spanish where at least 5 percent of the population is Hispanic.

Ballots be available in Spanish where at least 5 percent of the population is Hispanic.

In 1846, David Wilmot, a Democratic representative from Pennsylvania, sought to ban slavery in the newly acquired territories for which of the following reasons? Because his mother was a freed slave Because he was a Quaker and morally opposed to slavery Because he hoped to use the issue as his main campaign promise when he ran for President Because the presence of slaves as free labor depressed wages for white workers

Because the presence of slaves as free labor depressed wages for white workers

Which of the Framers convened an abolitionist society meeting in his home and invited delegates to the Constitutional Convention to attend? John Adams George Washington Benjamin Franklin James Madison

Benjamin Franklin

Shortly after the Civil War, southern legislators enacted laws to keep former slaves from voting. These laws were called which of the following? Reconstruction The Missouri Compromise Emancipation Proclamations Black Codes

Black Codes

The difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation is which of the following? De facto segregation comes about as a result of racial differences; de jure segregation comes about as a result of cultural differences. De facto segregation and de jure segregation are basically the same thing: Both are segregations imposed by law. De facto segregation is not mandated by law; de jure segregation is mandated by law. De facto segregation is mandated by law; de jure segregation is not mandated by law.

De facto segregation is not mandated by law; de jure segregation is mandated by law.

Which of the following had occurred by June 1861? The Civil War was over. Lincoln's short presidency had ended with his assassination. Eleven states had left the Union and formed a new confederation-style government. Great Britain had again invaded the Union and sided with the Confederacy.

Eleven states had left the Union and formed a new confederation-style government.

Madison, who recognized that people act most forcefully when they have a stake in the outcome, believed tyranny could best be avoided by which of the following? Empowering every faction to look out for its own interests Suppressing the diversity of factions and thereby suppressing conflict Ensuring all Americans held similar beliefs and values to minimize the existence of factions Allowing only the political elites to make policy decisions, thereby eliminating the role of factions in government

Empowering every faction to look out for its own interests

Which amendment provided that the right to vote should not be denied on account of race? Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth

Fifteenth

The First Reconstruction Act of 1867 disbanded the governments of the southern states and replaced them with which of the following? A counsel of religious leaders from several denominations Five separate councils comprising former slaves and administered by the National Guard Five military districts headed by generals and administered by more than 20,000 troops A blue-ribbon panel comprising former presidents and sitting senators, administered through the bureaucracy of the former Confederate army

Five military districts headed by generals and administered by more than 20,000 troops

The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka is most notable for which of the following reasons? It sparked the immediate desegregation of public facilities across the South. It was completely ignored by the executive and legislative branches. It struck down the separate but equal doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson. It marked the Supreme Court's first acceptance of the Tenth Amendment.

It struck down the separate but equal doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson.

"Jim Crow laws" were which of the following? Laws adopted throughout the South to disenfranchise black citizens and to institutionalize segregation Laws adopted to end the segregation that was instituted during Reconstruction Laws that integrated public accommodations like water fountains and schools Laws that created separate but clearly equal facilities for different races

Laws adopted throughout the South to disenfranchise black citizens and to institutionalize segregation

Early feminists called themselves "suffragists" because of which of the following? They claimed to be suffering because of legal inequality. One important issue for them was campaigning for the vote. They were also active in the abolition movement and argued that alcohol caused a great deal of suffering in society. One important issue for them was the suffering caused by slavery.

One important issue for them was campaigning for the vote.

In the five-year period from 1865 to 1870, slaves were emancipated, granted citizenship, and guaranteed the right to vote. However, which of the following was also true? Only one state, New York, actually allowed African Americans to vote. Only a handful of Union states gave African American citizens equal access to the ballot box. The newly emancipated population relocated out of the South and moved to the North. Most of the newly emancipated slaves were given land as reparations for slavery.

Only a handful of Union states gave African American citizens equal access to the ballot box.

The 1965 Voting Rights Act authorized the Justice Department, under certain circumstances, to send federal officers into communities to directly register voters. This policy is which of the following? Perfectly consistent with the Antifederalist policies as espoused by Patrick Henry Inconsistent with Madison's proposed national veto over objectionable state laws Unconstitutional pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment Perfectly consistent with Madison's proposed national veto over objectionable state laws

Perfectly consistent with Madison's proposed national veto over objectionable state laws

Which Supreme Court decision established the doctrine of "separate but equal"? Brown v. Board of Education Plessy v. Ferguson Shelley v. Kraemer Dred Scott v. Sandford

Plessy v. Ferguson

Growing numbers and a concentrated residential pattern for Hispanics mean which of the following? Hispanic politicians are now the largest subgroup in the House of Representatives. More U.S. citizens speak Spanish than English. Politicians will find they can ill afford to ignore this constituency. Bilingual education for junior high school students is now required in most states.

Politicians will find they can ill afford to ignore this constituency.

Rosa Parks launched the Montgomery bus boycott in December 1955 by doing which of the following? Refusing to surrender her seat to a white person and move to the back of a city bus as required by law Refusing to move from a bus-stop bench designated "white only" Refusing to ride the bus unless the bus driver was African American Refusing to ride the bus so long as the drivers were not allowed to unionize

Refusing to surrender her seat to a white person and move to the back of a city bus as required by law

The 1964 election created a dominant governing coalition in Washington that could address civil rights. demonstrated that Democratic presidential candidates could not win without the support of the South. demonstrated that Republican presidential candidates could only win if they were committed to civil rights. reinforced the fact that a divided majority cannot overcome a committed political minority.

created a dominant governing coalition in Washington that could address civil rights.

The reaction to Brown v. Board of Education was violent and many governors called out state militias to prevent rioting in the streets. met with massive resistance in the South as states argued that public education was beyond the jurisdiction of the federal government and they would refuse to comply. quiet acceptance in most of the South since the Supreme Court decision was unanimous and clear. uncertain as none of the major political actors knew what to expect.

met with massive resistance in the South as states argued that public education was beyond the jurisdiction of the federal government and they would refuse to comply.

Recent events in Arizona raise important questions about what civil rights, if any, illegal immigrants are entitled to as well as raising questions about how law enforcement could implement the law without engaging in racial profiling. demonstrate that the federal courts have granted the states wide latitude to enforce the laws on the books even if it creates violations of civil rights. illustrate that the states are responsible for protecting their borders and enforcing immigration laws in the United States. highlight the fact that the Supreme Court takes a strong position favoring the federal government and struck down all elements of Arizona's law because federal law preempted it.

raise important questions about what civil rights, if any, illegal immigrants are entitled to as well as raising questions about how law enforcement could implement the law without engaging in racial profiling.

The reaction to September 11 was nonchalant as the country has been used to foreign threats. was unprecedented in the history of the United States as the country was forced to respond to a new threat. recalled the internment of Japanese Americans following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. was the adoption of mandatory racial profiling in the United States to prevent another terrorist attack.

recalled the internment of Japanese Americans following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Between 1807 and 1819, slavery was a side issue in politics only because of which of the following? All of the states relied heavily on slavery for their economic well-being. The slave importation ban effectively ended slavery as an institution. The northern and southern states carefully maintained regional balance in the Senate by equally matching slave states' and free states' entry into the Union. It simply was not an issue that any of the political leaders of the time disputed.

The northern and southern states carefully maintained regional balance in the Senate by equally matching slave states' and free states' entry into the Union.

Which of the following was the rationale behind the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which matched Missouri's entry into the Union as a slave state with Maine's entry into the Union as a free state? The parties compromised so the balance in the executive's cabinet between free and slave states would be maintained. The parties compromised so the balance in the House of Representatives between free and slave states would be maintained. The parties compromised so the balance in the Senate between free and slave states would be maintained. The parties compromised so the balance on the Supreme Court between free and slave states would be maintained.

The parties compromised so the balance in the Senate between free and slave states would be maintained.

What were the two major obstacles African Americans faced in securing their rights? The structure of government made it hard to change policy and politicians would not engage in costly behavior without an expected return. The constitutional guarantee of slavery and the unwillingness of politicians to take tough action The unwillingness of the British government to use its emancipation powers in the states and the constitutional guarantee of slavery The inability to raise the taxes necessary to compensate slaveowners and the fact that politicians would not engage in costly behavior without an expected return

The structure of government made it hard to change policy and politicians would not engage in costly behavior without an expected return.

After Brown v. Board of Topeka was decided in 1954, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, was integrated in 1957 with the help of which of the following? U.S. Army troops sent by President Dwight Eisenhower National Guard troops sent by Gov. Orval Faubus A large protest march organized by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. A large protest organized by the AFL-CIO

U.S. Army troops sent by President Dwight Eisenhower

Between 1882 and 1950, 4,729 lynchings were reported in the United States. African Americans were the victims of these lynchings in which portion of these cases? about three-quarters of the cases. well over 85 percent of the cases. fewer than half of the cases. about one-quarter of the cases.

about three-quarters of the cases.

The 1957 Civil Rights Act provided clear protections for the African Americans' rights throughout the country. was filibustered in the Senate as southern senators realized that this was their last chance to maintain segregation. was overturned by the Supreme Court in Sweatt v. Painter as an unconstitutional extension of federal power. allowed African Americans to sue their states in federal court if they were denied the vote, but the greater effect was symbolic because Dem

allowed African Americans to sue their states in federal court if they were denied the vote, but the greater effect was symbolic because Dem

The term civil rights refers exclusively to the struggle of African Americans and their struggle to achieve freedom. was defined in Article VI of the Constitution and commits the federal government to avoiding discrimination. describes the protections of individuals against arbitrary and abusive government action. reminds us that once rights are established for one group, they apply to everyone.

describes the protections of individuals against arbitrary and abusive government action.

The Dred Scott decision recognized the ability of the federal government to regulate slavery. required the northern states to follow the Fugitive Slave Law. imposed abolition on the southern states. forbid the federal government from regulating slavery in the territories.

forbid the federal government from regulating slavery in the territories.

The Equal Rights Amendment pitted the interests of men against women so there were not enough votes for ratification. pitted the interests of urban, upper-class women against working-class women so the movement was divided. pitted African American women against white women over fears that the ERA would erase the gains of the civil rights movement. pitted feminists against antiabortion women's groups that produced a contentious debate between the two sides and the time for ratification expired.

pitted feminists against antiabortion women's groups that produced a contentious debate between the two sides and the time for ratification expired.

Modern-day civil rights are about political expression and participation. guaranteeing freedom from slavery. making sure everyone earns a sufficient salary. preventing government or dominant groups in society from subjugating other groups and taking unfair advantage of it.

preventing government or dominant groups in society from subjugating other groups and taking unfair advantage of it.

The New Deal provided African Americans government assistance for the first time since Reconstruction and treated African Americans in an evenhanded fashion. explicitly called for providing greater civil rights protections to African Americans to foster greater economic equality in the United States. did little to advance the interests of African Americans because President Roosevelt was beholden to the South for political support. reinforced the existing doctrines of separate but equal by expanding them to the northern states.

provided African Americans government assistance for the first time since Reconstruction and treated African Americans in an evenhanded fashion. explicitly called for providing greater civil rights protections to African Americans to foster greater economic equality in the United States.

Enlisting race or ethnicity as the primary criterion for identifying a suspect is practice known as behavior modification. racial profiling. affirmative action. racial subjugation.

racial profiling.

The Fourteenth Amendment, as an integral part of Reconstruction, was intended to serve two constituencies-first, African Americans in the South, and second southern bankers. abolitionists in the North. the Republican majority in Washington, D.C. the state legislatures that constructed Jim Crow laws.

the Republican majority in Washington, D.C.

Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. spearheaded demonstrations throughout the South through his organization, which was called the Association of Baptist Ministers. People for the Ethical Treatment of Others. United We Stand. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

One of the major consequences of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was the dramatic increase in the number of African American students attending integrated schools. the construction of numerous new schools in predominantly African American communities. the election of more African Americans to state and federal offices. the dramatic increase in the number of African Americans attending integrated colleges and universities.

the dramatic increase in the number of African American students attending integrated schools.

Federal hate crime protections concern Selected Answer: those provisions of the criminal code that make it illegal, or enhance penalties for, violence directed against individuals, property, or organizations solely because of the victim's race, gender, national origin, or sexual orientation. federal prohibitions against states' efforts legally to deny marriage rights to gay people. the Supreme Court ruling in Romer v. Evans. the rights of incarcerated citizens to avoid cruel and unusual punishment.

those provisions of the criminal code that make it illegal, or enhance penalties for, violence directed against individuals, property, or organizations solely because of the victim's race, gender, national origin, or sexual orientation.

The transition in the political loyalties of African Americans occurred because the Democratic Party pushed extensive voting rights legislation through Congress during the New Deal. because Republicans blocked persistent Democratic efforts to restrict the voting rights of African Americans. very slowly and with very little effect because most African Americans lived in the South where they were disenfranchised. through migration as African Americans moved north and Democratic organizations registered them and ushered them to the polls.

through migration as African Americans moved north and Democratic organizations registered them and ushered them to the polls.

The poll tax, literacy tests, and grandfather clause were all mechanisms by which the North imposed its will on the South during Reconstruction. African Americans were ensured of their right to vote. African Americans were able to win elected office during the Jim Crow era. African Americans were deprived of the right to vote.

African Americans were deprived of the right to vote.

Which of the following statements about the partisanship of African Americans in the early twentieth century is most accurate? African Americans remained loyal to the Democratic Party even though the party was not committed to civil rights. African Americans were equally divided between the parties depending on their income and where they lived. African Americans were loyal to Republicans because of Emancipation and Reconstruction, but were susceptible to appeals from Democrats because their existing loyalties were rooted in habits rather than rewards. The inability of African Americans to vote meant that they had no existing partisan attachments.

African Americans were loyal to Republicans because of Emancipation and Reconstruction, but were susceptible to appeals from Democrats because their existing loyalties were rooted in habits rather than rewards.

It is evident that Reconstruction was driven by narrow partisan purposes for which of the following reasons? Land reform was the centerpiece of the policy. All that the freed slaves got from Congress was the ballot. The Fifteenth Amendment repealed the Fourteenth Amendment. Readmission to the Union was contingent on establishing economic independence for the freed slaves.

All that the freed slaves got from

Which of the following statements about the shift from litigation to mass demonstrations to secure civil rights is most accurate? The NAACP played a major role in developing strategies because its leaders already had experience trying to influence judges. Segregation produced a large crop of African American political leaders who had experience working together on city and county governments. The lack of organizational capacity opened the door for outside groups to play a major role organizing demonstrations. Black southern preachers played a major role planning and coordinating protests because they were skilled in organizing and developed trust with their congregations while free from white reprisals.

Black southern preachers played a major role planning and coordinating protests because they were skilled in organizing and developed trust with their congregations while free from white reprisals.

As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which of the following happened? Both voter registration and election to office increased dramatically for African Americans. Even though voter registration increased dramatically for African Americans, election to office remained a functional impossibility. Neither voter registration nor election to office increased dramatically for African Americans. Ironically, while voter registration of African Americans did not substantially increase, African Americans were elected to office in unprecedented numbers.

Both voter registration and election to office increased dramatically for African Americans.

Although the two concepts are often used interchangeably, the difference between civil liberties and civil rights is which of the following? Civil liberties are the rights afforded all Americans; civil rights are those special rights given to minorities. Civil liberties are the Constitution's protections "from" government power; civil rights are the Constitution's protections provided "by" government power. Civil liberties are those rights protected by the Constitution; civil rights are those rights only protected by the state constitutions. Civil liberties are those rights protected by the state constitutions; civil rights are those rights only protected by the Constitution.

Civil liberties are the Constitution's protections "from" government power; civil rights are the Constitution's protections provided "by" government power.

The effort to secure civil rights for African Americans rested on which of the following? Government creating the right set of rules The national veto of state laws The simple ideas set forth by the Antifederalists Configuring politics to allow society's competing interests to check one another

Configuring politics to allow society's competing interests to check one another

Which political party was committed to the abolition of slavery and attracted a former president to serve as its candidate when it won 10 percent of the popular vote? "Know-Nothing" Party Liberty Party Constitutional Union Party Free Soil Party

Free Soil Party

The reality that successful demonstrations requires many people to expose themselves to dangers and other sanctions raised the possibility of what collective action problem? Free riding Tragedy of the commons Agency loss Prisoner's dilemma

Free riding

Affirmative action refers to a policy that does which of the following? Promotes minorities whether they are qualified or not Gives special consideration to minorities in their selection for employment and education where employers or government agencies have practiced discrimination in the past Promotes minorities in areas of previous discrimination but has never used quotas Relies exclusively on quotas to accomplish its goals

Gives special consideration to minorities in their selection for employment and education where employers or government agencies have practiced discrimination in the past

After Lincoln was elected, for the first time in American history which of the following was true? The President and the Supreme Court were aligned against the extension of slavery. The President and a majority of both houses of Congress were aligned against slavery's extension. The Supreme Court and a majority of both houses of Congress were aligned against the President over slavery. An abolitionist who also owned slaves was President.

The President and a majority of both houses of Congress were aligned against slavery's extension.

The white primary, which excluded African Americans from voting in the primary, effectively disenfranchised African Americans because of which of the following reasons? There were rules in place that prohibited anyone who had not voted in the primary from voting in the general election. The South was solidly Democratic, so winning the Democratic primary was the same as winning the election. The South was solidly Republican, so winning the Republican primary was the same as winning the election. Citizens who did not vote in the primary were forced to pay a large fine to vote in the general election.

The South was solidly Democratic, so winning the Democratic primary was the same as winning the election.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act established the Department of Justice and authorized it to investigate civil rights violation across the country. authorized the federal government to end segregation in public education and public accommodations. authorized the federal government to intervene in southern states where African Americans were denied the right to vote. was another symbolic piece of legislation that provided few real gains for African Americans while giving the appearance of government action.

authorized the federal government to end segregation in public education and public accommodations.

Civil rights protests in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 reinforced President Kennedy's desire to move less controversial legislation tackling social issues before addressing segregation. illustrated that many southern states would respond peacefully to the protests without necessarily agreeing to the political demands. helped move public opinion on the matter and convinced President Kennedy that inaction might have significant costs in the upcoming 1964 election. represented a major breakthrough as the State of Alabama decided to protect civil rights to end the protests peacefully.

helped move public opinion on the matter and convinced President Kennedy that inaction might have significant costs in the upcoming 1964 election.

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 forced law enforcement authorities in both the North and the South to act as slaveholders' agents in seizing and returning their "property." in the North but NOT in the South to act as slaveholders' agents in seizing and returning their "property." in the South but NOT in the North to act as slaveholders' agents in seizing and returning their "property." in the South to recognize that any slave who became a fugitive but then successfully entered a free state became free.

in both the North and the South to act as slaveholders' agents in seizing and returning their "property."

President Harry Truman's failure to pass a civil rights law was similar to the failure of the Wilmot Proviso because it provided a political rationale for northern politicians to attack southern tyranny because the benefits of attracting new voters offset the cost of losing existing supporters. it demonstrated that southerners were willing to use their institutional positions to fight any efforts at segregation. it resulted in the destruction of the existing party system and generated significant political conflicts. it highlighted the fact that the only way to end segregation and discrimination was with overwhelming majorities in both chambers of Congress.

it provided a political rationale for northern politicians to attack southern tyranny because the benefits of attracting new voters offset the cost of losing existing supporters.

Southern states were successful in stripping away the civil rights of blacks because Southern senators successfully used the filibuster to block any legislative action. the election of a string of southern presidents allowed aggressive use of the veto to block federal action. the Supreme Court narrowly interpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to overturn federal laws. following economic depressions in the 1880s, many African Americans left the South and moved North seeking more steady work.

the Supreme Court narrowly interpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to overturn federal laws.