Chapter 41: The Child With Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
32. The nurse is caring for a boy with probable intussusception. He had diarrhea before admission but, while waiting for administration of air pressure to reduce the intussusception, he passes a normal brown stool. The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Notify the practitioner. b. Measure abdominal girth. c. Auscultate for bowel sounds. d. Take vital signs, including blood pressure.
A
21. What is used to treat moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease? a. Antacids b. Antibiotics c. Corticosteroids d. Antidiarrheal medications
C
40. Which description of a stool is characteristic of intussusception? a. Ribbon-like stools b. Hard stools positive for guaiac c. Currant jelly stools d. Loose, foul-smelling stools
C
6. A parasite that causes acute diarrhea is: a. Shigella organisms. b. Salmonella organisms. c. Giardia lamblia. d. Escherichia coli.
C
46. An infant with pyloric stenosis experiences excessive vomiting that can result in: a. Hyperchloremia. b. Hypernatremia. c. Metabolic acidosis. d. Metabolic alkalosis.
D
29. The nurse is caring for a neonate with a suspected tracheoesophageal fistula. Nursing care should include: a. Elevating the head but giving nothing by mouth. b. Elevating the head for feedings. c. Feeding glucose water only. d. Avoiding suctioning unless the infant is cyanotic.
A
33. An important nursing consideration in the care of a child with celiac disease is to: a. Refer to a nutritionist for detailed dietary instructions and education. b. Help the child and family understand that diet restrictions are usually only temporary. c. Teach proper hand washing and Standard Precautions to prevent disease transmission. d. Suggest ways to cope more effectively with stress to minimize symptoms.
A
38. What food choice by the parent of a 2-year-old child with celiac disease indicates a need for further teaching? a. Oatmeal b. Rice cake c. Corn muffin d. Meat patty
A
43. A mother calls the clinic nurse about her 4-year-old son who has acute diarrhea. She has been giving him the antidiarrheal drug loperamide (Imodium A-D). The nurses response should be based on knowledge that this drug is: a. Not indicated. b. Indicated because it slows intestinal motility. c. Indicated because it decreases diarrhea. d. Indicated because it decreases fluid and electrolyte losses.
A
30. Which type of hernia has an impaired blood supply to the herniated organ? a. Hiatal hernia b. Incarcerated hernia c. Omphalocele d. Strangulated hernia
D
39. Which intervention should be included in the nurses plan of care for a 7-year-old child with encopresis who has cleared the initial impaction? a. Have the child sit on the toilet for 30 minutes when he gets up in the morning and at bedtime. b. Increase sugar in the childs diet to promote bowel elimination. c. Use a Fleet enema daily. d. Give the child a choice of beverage to mix with a laxative.
D
41. What should the nurse stress in a teaching plan for the mother of an 11-year-old boy with ulcerative colitis? a. Preventing the spread of illness to others b. Nutritional guidance and preventing constipation c. Teaching daily use of enemas d. Coping with stress and avoiding triggers
D
42. Careful hand washing before and after contact can prevent the spread of which condition in day care and school settings? a. Irritable bowel syndrome b. Ulcerative colitis c. Hepatic cirrhosis d. Hepatitis A
D
7. A stool specimen from a child with diarrhea shows the presence of neutrophils and red blood cells. This is most suggestive of which condition? a. Protein intolerance b. Parasitic infection c. Fat malabsorption d. Bacterial gastroenteritis
D
52. A child has a nasogastric (NG) tube to continuous low intermittent suction. The physicians prescription is to replace the previous 4-hour NG output with a normal saline piggyback over a 2-hour period. The NG output for the previous 4 hours totaled 50 mL. What milliliter/hour rate should the nurse administer to replace with a normal saline piggyback? _____ Record your answer as a whole number.
25
1. Nurses must be alert for increased fluid requirements when a child has: a. Fever. b. Mechanical ventilation. c. Congestive heart failure. d. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
A
11. A high-fiber food that the nurse could recommend for a child with chronic constipation is: a. Popcorn. b. Pancakes. c. Muffins. d. Ripe bananas.
A
20. What is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that may involve any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from mouth to anus? a. Crohns disease b. Ulcerative colitis c. Meckels diverticulum d. Irritable bowel syndrome
A
22. Bismuth subsalicylate, clarithromycin, and metronidazole are prescribed for a child with a peptic ulcer to: a. Eradicate Helicobacter pylori. b. Coat gastric mucosa. c. Treat epigastric pain. d. Reduce gastric acid production.
A
24. The best chance of survival for a child with cirrhosis is: a. Liver transplantation. b. Treatment with corticosteroids. c. Treatment with immune globulin. d. Provision of nutritional support.
A
25. The earliest clinical manifestation of biliary atresia is: a. Jaundice. b. Vomiting. c. Hepatomegaly. d. Absence of stooling.
A
9. A young child is brought to the emergency department with severe dehydration secondary to acute diarrhea and vomiting. Therapeutic management of this child will begin with: a. Intravenous fluids. b. Oral rehydration solution (ORS). c. Clear liquids, 1 to 2 ounces at a time. d. Administration of antidiarrheal medication.
A
48. Which interventions should a nurse implement when caring for a child with hepatitis (Select all that apply)? a. Provide a well-balanced, low-fat diet. b. Schedule playtime in the playroom with other children c. Teach parents not to administer any over-the-counter medications. d. Arrange for home schooling because the child will not be able to return to school. e. Instruct parents on the importance of good hand washing.
A, C, E
15. A 4-month-old infant has gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but is thriving without other complications. What should the nurse suggest to minimize reflux? a. Place in Trendelenburg position after eating. b. Thicken formula with rice cereal. c. Give continuous nasogastric tube feedings. d. Give larger, less frequent feedings.
B
26. A newborn was admitted to the nursery with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The physician explained the plan of therapy and its expected good results. However, the mother refuses to see or hold her baby. Initialtherapeutic approach to the mother should be to: a. Restate what the physician has told her about plastic surgery. b. Encourage her to express her feelings. c. Emphasize the normalcy of her baby and the baby's need for mothering. d. Recognize that negative feelings toward the child continue throughout childhood.
B
28. The nurse is caring for an infant whose cleft lip was repaired. Important aspects of this infants postoperative care include: a. Arm restraints, postural drainage, and mouth irrigations. b. Cleansing of suture line, supine and side-lying positions, and arm restraints. c. Mouth irrigations, prone position, and cleansing of suture line. d. Supine and side-lying positions, postural drainage, and arm restraints.
B
3. An infant is brought to the emergency department with poor skin turgor, weight loss, lethargy, and tachycardia. This is suggestive of: a. Overhydration. b. Dehydration. c. Sodium excess. d. Calcium excess.
B
34. An infant with short bowel syndrome will be discharged home on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and gastrostomy feedings. Nursing care should include: a. Preparing the family for impending death. b. Teaching the family signs of central venous catheter infection. c. Teaching the family how to calculate caloric needs. d. Securing TPN and gastrostomy tubing under diaper to lessen risk of dislodgment.
B
4. Acute diarrhea is often caused by: a. Hirschsprungs disease. b. Antibiotic therapy. c. Hypothyroidism. d. Meconium ileus.
B
44. Which vaccine is now recommended for the immunization of all newborns? a. Hepatitis A vaccine b. Hepatitis B vaccine c. Hepatitis C vaccine d. Hepatitis A, B, and C vaccines
B
47. Which statements regarding hepatitis B are correct (Select all that apply)? a. Hepatitis B cannot exist in a carrier state. b. Hepatitis B can be prevented by hepatitis B virus vaccine. c. Hepatitis B can be transferred to an infant of a breastfeeding mother. d. The onset of hepatitis B is insidious. e. Immunity to hepatitis B occurs after one attack.
B, C, D, E
51. A mother who intended to breastfeed has given birth to an infant with a cleft palate. Nursing interventions should include (Select all that apply): a. Giving medication to suppress lactation. b. Encouraging and helping mother to breastfeed. c. Teaching mother to feed breast milk by gavage. d. Recommending use of a breast pump to maintain lactation until infant can suck.
B, D
49. The nurse is preparing to care for an infant returning from pyloromyotomy surgery. Which prescribed orders should the nurse anticipate implementing (Select all that apply)? a. Nothing by mouth for 24 hours b. Administration of analgesics for pain c. Ice bag to the incisional area d. Intravenous (IV) fluids continued until tolerating fluids by mouth e. Clear liquids as the first feeding
B, D, E
10. Constipation has recently become a problem for a school-age girl. She is healthy except for seasonal allergies, which are now being successfully treated with antihistamines. The nurse should suspect that the constipation is most likely caused by: a. Diet. b. Allergies. c. Antihistamines. d. Emotional factors.
C
14. The nurse is explaining to a parent how to care for a child with vomiting associated with a viral illness. The nurse should include: a. Avoiding carbohydrate-containing liquids. b. Giving nothing by mouth for 24 hours. c. Brushing teeth or rinsing mouth after vomiting. d. Giving plain water until vomiting ceases for at least 24 hours.
C
50. A nurse is conducting dietary teaching on high-fiber foods for parents of a child with constipation. Which foods should the nurse include as being high in fiber (Select all that apply)? a. White rice b. Avocados c. Whole grain breads d. Bran pancakes e. Raw carrots
C, D, E
12. Therapeutic management of most children with Hirschsprungs disease is primarily: a. Daily enemas. b. Low-fiber diet. c. Permanent colostomy. d. Surgical removal of affected section of bowel.
D
17. Which clinical manifestation would most suggest acute appendicitis? a. Rebound tenderness b. Bright red or dark red rectal bleeding c. Abdominal pain that is relieved by eating d. Abdominal pain that is most intense at McBurneys point
D
2. Which type of dehydration results from water loss in excess of electrolyte loss? a. Isotonic dehydration b. Isosmotic dehydration c. Hypotonic dehydration d. Hypertonic dehydration
D
27. Caring for the newborn with a cleft lip and palate before surgical repair includes: a. Gastrostomy feedings. b. Keeping the infant in near-horizontal position during feedings. c. Allowing little or no sucking. d. Providing satisfaction of sucking needs.
D
37. What is the major focus of the therapeutic management for a child with lactose intolerance? a. Compliance with the medication regimen b. Providing emotional support to family members c. Teaching dietary modifications d. Administration of daily normal saline enemas
C
45. During the first few days after surgery for cleft lip, which intervention should the nurse do? a. Leave infant in crib at all times to prevent suture strain. b. Keep infant heavily sedated to prevent suture strain. c. Remove restraints periodically to cuddle infant. d. Alternate position from prone to side-lying to supine.
C
5. The viral pathogen that frequently causes acute diarrhea in young children is: a. Giardia organisms. b. Shigella organisms. c. Rotavirus. d. Salmonella organisms.
C
8. Therapeutic management of the child with acute diarrhea and dehydration usually begins with: a. Clear liquids. b. Adsorbents such as kaolin and pectin. c. Oral rehydration solution (ORS). d. Antidiarrheal medications such as paregoric.
C
23. Which statement best characterizes hepatitis A? a. The incubation period is 6 weeks to 6 months. b. The principal mode of transmission is through the parenteral route. c. Onset is usually rapid and acute. d. There is a persistent carrier state.
C
31. The nurse is caring for an infant with suspected pyloric stenosis. Which clinical manifestation would indicate pyloric stenosis? a. Abdominal rigidity and pain on palpation b. Rounded abdomen and hypoactive bowel sounds c. Visible peristalsis and weight loss d. Distention of lower abdomen and constipation
C
35. For what clinical manifestation should a nurse be alert when suspecting a diagnosis of esophageal atresia? a. A radiograph in the prenatal period indicates abnormal development. b. It is visually identified at the time of delivery. c. A nasogastric tube fails to pass at birth. d. The infant has a low birth weight.
C
36. What is the most important information to be included in the discharge planning for an infant with gastroesophageal reflux? a. Teach parents to position the infant on the left side. b. Reinforce the parents knowledge of the infants developmental needs. c. Teach the parents how to do infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). d. Have the parents keep an accurate record of intake and output.
C
13. A 3-year-old child with Hirschsprungs disease is hospitalized for surgery. A temporary colostomy will be necessary. The nurse should recognize that preparing this child psychologically is: a. Not necessary because of childs age. b. Not necessary because the colostomy is temporary. c. Necessary because it will be an adjustment. d. Necessary because the child must deal with a negative body image.
C
16. A histamine receptor antagonist such as cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac) is ordered for an infant with gastroesophageal reflux. The purpose of this is to: a. Prevent reflux. b. Prevent hematemesis. c. Reduce gastric acid production. d. Increase gastric acid production.
C
18. When caring for a child with probable appendicitis, the nurse should be alert to recognize that a sign of perforation is: a. Bradycardia. b. Anorexia. c. Sudden relief from pain. d. Decreased abdominal distention.
C
19. Which statement is most descriptive of Meckels diverticulum? a. It is more common in females than in males. b. It is acquired during childhood. c. Intestinal bleeding may be mild or profuse. d. Medical interventions are usually sufficient to treat the problem.
C