CHAPTER 4.3

Match the events of the creation of the founders' constitution to the dates they occurred.

- 1787: Delegates convened in Philadelphia to write a constitution to replace the articles of confederation. - September 17th, 1787: The original constitution was signed. - 1788: The original constitution was ratified to become "the supreme law of the land" - December 15, 1791: Ten amendments to the Original constitution - Known as the bill of rights- would be ratified. -1795 and 1804: The final amendments to the constitution by the founding generation were added.

Once an amendment is proposed, the constitution provides two different ways proposed amendments can be ratified. what are they?

- A vote to three fourths of special popularly-elected ratifying conventions to ratify. - Three fourths of the state legislatures voting to ratify.

What protections does article III provide of criminal suspects/

- All criminals trials must be by jury - no one may be convicted of treason unless a suspect confesses or two witnesses testify to having observed the same overt act of treason.

why was the philadelphia (constitutional) convention (May 1787) assembled?

- Armed rebellions had begun to arise in several states, in particular shay's rebellion. - Congress couldn't afford to order union troops to quell emerging rebellions.

Article I, sections 9 and 10 provide civil liberties protections against the federal government and state governments.

- Ex post facto laws or bills of attainder cannot be enacted. - The federal government cannot suspend the privilege fo the writ of habeas corpus unless public safety may require it.

what were the arguments for the united states to remain united during the critical period (1783-1789)?

- If the states were apprehensive about war with each other large standing armies would be created. - Economic protectionism between states would be worse if the states were disunited. -They were better able to defend themselves from common security threats. -Political conflicts between the states could become intense military struggles.

What contributed to the declining influence of the southern slave states in government?

- Increasing population of non-salve states. - the election of Lincoln to the presidency. - the admission of new non-slave states to the union.

what were the anti-federalist arguments against the ratification of the constitution?

- It lacked a list of civil liberties to protect individual against abuse by the federal government. - it created a central government that was too powerful. - the central government was too distant and complex to be effectively controlled by the people.

Why did the founders choose the electoral college instead of direct popular election to elect the president?

- Many founders thought the people would be under-informed and easily manipulated. - it was a compromise to give slave states more voice in presidential selection.

What were the stipulations provided by article I?

- Members of the house serve two-year terms. - Anyone who is eligible to vote for the state legislature is eligible to vote for members of the U.S. house of representatives.

How did the articles of confederation contribute to the poor economic conditions during the 1780s?

- State governments did not want to levy taxes on individuals. - It lacked the power to raise the money to build a navy to protect the import/export/trade of goods.

what happened because the democratically controlled state governments were reluctant to levy taxes on individuals?

- States and congress accumulated high levels of debt. - The economy suffered from the inflation because stats tried to pay debts by printing more paper money. - Political conflict arose within states between creditors and debtors.

what were the key constituencies that needed to reach a compromise?

- States with large populations and small populations - northern states and southern slave states

During the constitutional convention, the founders had to consider the strong differences of interest and opinion amongst the people of the different states. what were the key constituencies that needed to reach a compromise?

- States with large populations and small populations. - northern states and southern slave states.

How did the founders get around the state legislatures and constitutional law to gain acceptance of the new constitution?

- The constitution was submitted to special populary elected ratifying conventions in each state for the people to decide - they changed the requirements so that only nine out of 13 states (supermajority) were needed to ratify.

what is stated in the preamble of the constitution?

- general aspiratios of the constitution - the authority for the constitution comes from we the people.

As stated in article V, what are the ways that amendment to the constitution can be proposed?

- two thirds of state legislatures petitioning congress to call a special convention to propose amendments. - Two thirds of congress voting to propose an amendment.

known as the______ Compromise, Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposed that the new jersey plan and the Virginia plan be merge to form a__________legislature.

-Great -Bicameral.

The reconstruction amendments to what they accomplished.

13th: Abolish slavery 14th: affirms birthright citizenship. 15th: unconstitutional for anyone to be deprived the right to vote based on race.

Progressive Era Amendments to what they accomplished.

16th: raise revenue through a progressive income tax 17th: senators must be elected by the people of each state. 18th: prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of "intoxicating liquors" 19th: Forbade any state from denying anyone the right to vote on account of sex.

FDR amendments to what they accomplished.

20th: Moved the president's inauguration day to january 20th and required congress to convene on january 3rd. 21st: ended prohibition 22nd: prohibited anyone from serving more than two terms as president.

accomplishments to the amendments to which they correspond.

25th: Constitutional procedures for determining when a president os no longer fit to serve. 26th: no one 18 years or older can be denied the right to vote on account of their age 27th: when congress votes to raise the pay of congress members, the pay increase cannot take effect until after the next congressional election.

match first three articles of the constitution to the subjects they address.

ARTICLE I: The legislative branch of the fedral government. ARTICLE II: The executive branch- the presidency. ARTICLE III: Establishes a federal court system composed of one supreme court and also inferior courts.

making good of the promise made to the anti-federalist, the constitution was amended to include a list of civil liberties. The first ten amendments to the US constitution became known as the___________.

Bill of Rights.

At the time of the founding, which areas were controlled by each level of government under the system of federalism?

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: - Diplomacy - Coining of money CONCURRENT AUTHORITY (BOTH): - Taxation STATE GOVERMENT: - Family Law - Most of criminal law - Grating of hunting licenses.

known as the civil rights era amendments, why were 23rd and 24th amendments ratified?

To give african americans more voice in presidential elections.

the________is a system established by the US constitution for selecting Presidents. The person who becomes President is the person who wins the most votes from the Electors.

Electoral College

How many electors ( electoral votes) does each state have?

Equal to the number of representatives each state has in the house of representatives and the senate.

The original constitution and the first twelve amendments are known as the ________________ because all of it was the work of the founding generation.

Founder's constitution

The_____________ granted slave owners a constitutional right to recapture runaway slaves who had fled to other states, including states where slavery was illegal.

Fugitive Slave Clause.

The radical republicans left a lasting constitutional legacy in the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the constitution. They were known as the __________ amendments

Reconstruction.

A___________ democracy is a form of government where a small number of public officials in government make and enforce laws on behalf of the majority of citizens who are outside of government.

Representative.

what did the leaders on either side of the civil war believe the war about?

SECESSIONIST: - White supremacy - Slavery REPUBLICANS: - All men are created equal - Abolition

written by alexander hamilton, James Madison, and john Jay, what was the immediate purpose of the federalist papers?

to persuade New Yorkers to vote ratify the constitution

The Article VI_________Clause of the Constitution state that if there is a conflict between state law and federal law in an area of concurrent authority, the federal law takes precedence over the state law.

Supremacy

The bicameral legislative structure has two components, the senate and the house of representatives.

THE SENATE: - 6 years terms - Quasi-aristocratic - 2 members per state - said to represent "property" - meant to promote virtues such as knowledge, wisdom, experience, and patience. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENATIVES - 2 years terms - the amount of representatives per state is based on population - the lower house. - more democratic in nature.

What were the features of each?

THE VIRGIN PLAN: - proportional representation - the number of representatives for each state in congress is based on the state's population - the large state plan. THE NEW JERSEY PLAN: - Equal state representation. - Each state had an equal number of votes in legislature - the small state plan.

During the critical period (1783-1789), it seemed America's revolutionary experiment in democratic government was on the verge of ending in disaster. why?

The states were becoming antagonist and even hostile toward one another.

why did most americans believe standing armies to be the end of liberty?

They were the way that executives are able to consolidate all government power and rule without the control of the people or the other branches of government.

This concession to slave states is known as the _______ compromise.

Three fifths

what would be the biggest obstacle to ratifying the new constitution, if they were bound by the amendment rules of the articles of confederation?

Unanimous consent of the state legislatures was needed.

A system of_________was designed to keep the three branches of government truly separate from one another by, somewhat paradoxically, giving them a bit of power over one another.

checks and balances.

what was the reasoning that delegates felt this way?

if the people of their state have their interest well represented in congress, then congress can do whatever it wants. if they are not well represented, congress should have as little authority as possible

why did delegates from slave states prefer to calculate state population size by counting the total number of inhabitants (including slaves)?

to guarantee a majority of seats in the house of representatives.

There were at least two reasob the founders chose a bicameral (rather than a unicameral) legislature. which of these options was one of those reasons?

it facilitated the great compromise

There were at least two reason the founders chose a bicameral (rather than unicameral) legislature. which of these options was one of those reasons?

it facilitated the great compromise.