Chapter 4,5,6,7

131. When talking with a potentially suicidal individual on a suicide hotline, the final step for the counselor is to: A) formulate a plan. B) establish a positive relationship. C) understand and clarify the problem. D) assess the caller's suicide potential.

A) formulate a plan.

101. The finding that more than 90 percent of adolescents who attempt suicide know someone who has attempted suicide provides a case for what process in suicidal actions? A) modeling B) reinforcement C) unconscious conflicts D) maladaptive thinking

A) modeling

56. Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: A) modeling. B) response discrimination. C) escape response. D) stimulus generalization.

A) modeling.

65. When a rash of suicides occurs in the aftermath of a celebrity's suicide or a case that has been highly publicized by the media, behavioral theorists believe it is attributable to: A) modeling. B) helplessness. C) folie ‡ deux. D) hopelessness.

A) modeling.

74. If a person were afraid of dogs and his therapist treated him by interacting with dogs while the client watched, he would be receiving treatment in the form of: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) systematic desensitization. D) biofeedback.

A) modeling.

61. Which mental disorders have been found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides? A) mood disorders B) sexual disorders C) personality disorders D) psychophysiological disorders

A) mood disorders

61. Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A) negative interpretation of events. B) symbolic losses. C) decrease in positive activities. D) ethnic background.

A) negative interpretation of events.

208. Lithium appears to affect: A) neurons' second messengers. B) absorption of salt. C) brain seizure activity. D) reuptake of serotonin.

A) neurons' second messengers.

135. A person says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, this person is _____ obsessive thoughts. A) neutralizing B) habituating C) exposing D) engaging in

A) neutralizing

99. Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) serotonin D) endorphin

A) norepinephrine

19. How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder? A) not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies B) not very strong: controlled studies of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by case reports C) very strong in both case reports and controlled studies D) very weak in both case reports and controlled studies

A) not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies

42. Which is NOT an immediate stressor particularly common among those who attempt suicide? A) occupational stress B) divorce C) death of a loved one D) stress from a hurricane

A) occupational stress

92. In a case of dissociative identity disorder, Pat is aware of the existence of Jerry and Chris, but Jerry and Chris are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called: A) one-way amnesic. B) mutually cognizant. C) mutually amnesic. D) coconscious.

A) one-way amnesic.

147. A person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule, "Go to store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room." What treatment approach is this person MOST likely receiving? A) psychodynamic therapy B) cognitive therapy C) interpersonal therapy D) adjunctive therapy

B) cognitive therapy

114. When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n): A) obsession. B) compulsion. C) panic attack. D) phobia.

B) compulsion.

140. A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region(s) of the brain? A) hypothalamus B) caudate nuclei C) cerebral cortex D) temporal lobe

B) caudate nuclei

149. An individual with depression who is receiving therapy is told that many, even most of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. MOST likely, the therapist is: A) changing primary attitudes. B) challenging automatic thoughts. C) training the individual in dichotomous thinking. D) negatively reinforcing verbal avoidance responses.

B) challenging automatic thoughts.

67. Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n): A) desensitization and reprocessing group. B) rap group. C) "experience writing" group. D) exposure group.

B) rap group.

43. Which is NOT a biological treatment for generalized anxiety? A) antianxiety drugs B) rational emotive therapy C) relaxation training D) biofeedback

B) rational emotive therapy

30. The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called: A) behavior modification. B) rational-emotive therapy. C) self-instruction training. D) stress inoculation training.

B) rational-emotive therapy.

86. A young man whose father and uncle committed suicide at about his age also commits suicide. Which explanation of suicide MOST easily explains the young man's suicide? A) psychodynamic B) sociocultural C) biological D) immediate trigger

C) biological

187. The mechanism of action of imipramine is to: A) destroy monoamine oxidase. B) mimic the action of norepinephrine and serotonin. C) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. D) block the receptor sites for norepinephrine and serotonin on the postsynaptic neuron.

C) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

76. Research supporting a Freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to: A) real, but not symbolic, losses in childhood. B) symbolic, but not real, losses in childhood. C) both real and symbolic losses in childhood. D) neither real nor symbolic losses in childhood.

C) both real and symbolic losses in childhood.

119. Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which cause of bipolar disorder? A) inappropriate neurotransmitter levels B) genetic linkage patterns C) brain structure D) ion activity at the cellular level

C) brain structure

139. Transient depersonalization and derealization: A) are experienced by virtually all college students. B) are produced naturally and cannot be induced by drugs or meditation. C) can be induced by a life-threatening experience. D) are common in adults but not yet diagnosed in children or adolescents.

C) can be induced by a life-threatening experience.

107. The chief sources of data used to support the theories of psychodynamic and behavioral clinicians are: A) large-scale experimental studies. B) biologically based. C) case histories. D) epidemiological.

C) case histories.

18. What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active? A) recurrent depression B) seasonal depression C) catatonic depression D) melancholic depression

C) catatonic depression

60. When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: A) operant conditioning. B) modeling and imitation. C) classical conditioning. D) stimulus generalization.

C) classical conditioning.

94. Jason has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as: A) self-reliant. B) co-occurring. C) coconscious. D) mutually cognizant.

C) coconscious.

33. Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present momentómindfulness therapyóis MOST consistent with which theoretical approach? A) psychodynamic B) biological C) cognitive D) behavioral

C) cognitive

6. In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which fear response? A) physical B) emotional C) cognitive D) psychological

C) cognitive

68. Which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose more pessimistic and self-deprecating statements in a storytelling test support? A) behavioral B) biochemical C) cognitive D) sociocultural

C) cognitive

80. "Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire." Which theoretical orientation does this research finding support? A) behavioral B) sociocultural C) cognitive D) psychoanalytic

C) cognitive

81. The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) behavioral clinician. C) cognitive clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

C) cognitive clinician.

32. A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

C) experiencing reduced

34. Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from: A) drug studies. B) clinical interviews. C) family pedigree studies. D) neurological studies.

C) family pedigree studies.

135. Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is: A) showing two out of several multiple personalities at the same time. B) transitioning from one subpersonality to another. C) feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her. D) malingering.

C) feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her.

53. Agoraphobia is the fear of: A) flying. B) speaking. C) going to public places. D) spiders.

C) going to public places.

32. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A) has not received much support in therapy applications. B) has received support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder. C) has received support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. D) is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.

C) has received support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

163. Interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address: A) maladaptive attitudes. B) ego-superego conflicts. C) role transitions in relationships. D) developing social skills to elicit reinforcement from others.

C) role transitions in relationships.

69. If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response? A) helplessness B) hopelessness C) ruminative D) perseverative

C) ruminative

46. The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as: A) anxious and irrational. B) angry and aggressive. C) sad and hopeless. D) tense and manic.

C) sad and hopeless.

197. A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight, and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking what kind of antidepressant medication? A) MAO inhibitors B) tricyclics C) second-generation antidepressants D) vagus nerve stimulators

C) second-generation antidepressants

193. Second-generation antidepressants appear to act by: A) destroying MAO. B) facilitating the reuptake process. C) selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin. D) blocking the reuptake processes of all neurotransmitters more completely.

C) selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin.

141. Which brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms? A) the frontal lobes and the thalamus B) the thalamus and the hypothalamus C) the motor cortex and the caudate nuclei D) the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

D) the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

153. Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program? A) changing primary attitudes B) challenging automatic thoughts C) identifying negative thinking and biases D) increasing activities and elevating mood

A) changing primary attitudes

94. The age group LEAST likely to commit suicide in the United States is: A) children. B) adolescents. C) young adults. D) the elderly.

A) children.

112. Which therapy is an effective treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

A) cognitive

146. "I do not know why you think you are a terrible surgeon. You have not lost a patient during an operation in two years. No one else in the city has that kind of record." Which orientation is MOST likely to describe the therapist who made this statement? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) humanistic D) interpersonal

A) cognitive

64. A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation? A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) psychoanalytic

A) cognitive

120. Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs: A) calm people and reduce their inhibitions. B) act as truth serum, so people can't fake their illness. C) help reduce associated symptoms of depression. D) make people forget extremely upsetting events in their lives.

A) calm people and reduce their inhibitions.

67. All would contribute to the social contagion effect EXCEPT the suicide of a: A) celebrity years ago. B) family member. C) friend. D) spouse.

A) celebrity years ago.

96. The "typical" child who commits suicide is a: A) boy who understands what death really is. B) girl who understands what death really is. C) boy who does not understand what death really is. D) girl who does not understand what death really is.

A) boy who understands what death really is.

12. Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A) the behavioral approach B) the humanistic approach C) the sociocultural approach D) the psychodynamic approach

D) the psychodynamic approach

118. A strong "feeling of knowing" is associated with: A) dÈj‡ vu. B) jamais vu. C) pseudopresentiment. D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

121. A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n) ______ compulsion. A) cleaning B) checking C) order D) touching

D) touching

49. Which of the following is NOT a top stressor in the United States? A) job pressure B) money C) health D) transportation

D) transportation

24. To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

D) two years.

57. When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring her. Subsequently, she has been afraid of mice. In this example, her mother's scream is the: A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned stimulus.

D) unconditioned stimulus.

31. What is the cause of death in the majority of male suicides in the United States? A) hanging B) car accidents C) drug overdose D) use of guns

D) use of guns

41. Commonly observed triggers for suicide include all of these EXCEPT: A) being in therapy. B) heavy alcohol use. C) modeling of someone who committed suicide. D) stressful life events.

A) being in therapy.

45. Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of: A) biofeedback training. B) EMG training. C) relaxation training. D) self-instruction training.

A) biofeedback training.

2. The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are: A) mood disorders. B) anxiety disorders. C) personality disorders. D) sexual disorders.

B) anxiety disorders.

179. MAO inhibitors work by: A) blocking MAO from breaking down norepinephrine. B) raising the level of MAO. C) lowering the level of tyramine, found in cheese and wine. D) interacting with the production of amphetamines.

A) blocking MAO from breaking down norepinephrine.

67. Which research finding provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression? A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women. B) Lack of social rewards is related to the downward spiral of depression. C) Both human infants and infant monkeys show depression-like symptoms when they are separated from their mothers. D) Depression is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women.

158. Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered to be a sociocultural approach? A) Depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations. B) Depression is thought to result from individual pathology. C) Depression is thought to be best treated within the family and in the real world rather than in therapy. D) Depression is thought to be best treated by use of a multidisciplinary treatment team.

A) Depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations.

200. Vagus nerve stimulation is MOST similar to: A) ECT. B) taking an SSRI. C) MAO inhibitors. D) tricyclics.

A) ECT.

51. Which statement is true about specific phobias? A) Each year about 12 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia. B) Men are more likely than women to have phobias. C) There do not appear to be racial differences in the incidence of phobias. D) Most people with phobias seek treatment.

A) Each year about 12 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia.

132. _____ is the practice of killing someone who is terminally sick or badly injured to stop the suffering. A) Euthanasia B) Parasuicide C) Cluster suicide D) Egoistic suicide

A) Euthanasia

66. Which statement would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A) Everyone is out to get me. B) Life is just too overwhelming. C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D) I just can't go on.

A) Everyone is out to get me.

37. Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A) GABA B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) serotonin

A) GABA

119. Which statement reflects the MOST common obsessive thought? A) If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated. B) I must make sure that the brochures are folded evenly. C) I can hardly stop myself from yelling sexual obscenities in class. D) I hope that person dies a long, slow death.

A) If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated.

125. The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to: A) bond with the primary personality. B) integrate the subpersonalities into a unity. C) establish a contract with the subpersonalities to prevent self-harm. D) provide a forum for the subpersonalities to communicate with one another.

A) bond with the primary personality.

68. Which is the BEST example of the social contagion effect? A) If you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater. B) The suicide of a family member is extremely stressful to others in the family. C) The suicide of a close family member or friend can have a lifelong impact on a person. D) Celebrity suicides do not have as great an impact on individuals as the suicide of a close family member.

A) If you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater.

172. With ECT, the electrical current passes through: A) both sides of the brain. B) only the left side of the brain. C) only the right side of the brain. D) the brain and the spinal cord.

A) both sides of the brain.

124. Which is an example of an aspect of psychodynamic therapy for depression? A) A therapist questions a client about losses she may have suffered in her past. B) Every time the client says anything a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. C) The therapist questions a client about the frequency and nature of her daily activities, including those that give her pleasure. D) The therapist attacks the irrationality of a client's beliefs about himself.

A) A therapist questions a client about losses she may have suffered in her past.

155. Which statement is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression? A) Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely. B) One must completely eliminate negative thoughts to recover from depression. C) Negative thoughts are valuable guides for behavior. D) The behavioral approach alone is preferable to cognitive interventions.

A) Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely.

53. Studies show that less than 10 percent of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression? A) Almost noneóabout 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year. B) Someóabout 5 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year. C) Strongóabout 2 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year. D) Very strongóonly about 1 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year.

A) Almost noneóabout 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year.

111. Which group is MOST likely to experience cluster suicides? A) American Indians B) white Americans C) African Americans D) Asian Americans

A) American Indians

33. Which statement regarding suicide is true? A) American Indians have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States. B) The suicide rate for whites in the United States is the same as that for African Americans. C) Married people are more likely to commit suicide than adults who are single. D) Men are more likely to attempt suicide than women.

A) American Indians have the highest suicide rate of any racial group in the United States.

36. Which statement is MOST accurate? A) Anxiety is related to low levels of GABA. B) Long-term anxiety causes poor GABA reception. C) High GABA reception causes long-term anxiety. D) Neurotransmitter deficiencies cause long-term anxiety and poor GABA reception.

A) Anxiety is related to low levels of GABA.

63. The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn.

A) Beck.

134. Which statement is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder? A) Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress, or pain. B) Most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity. C) The presence of severe stressors in one's life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder. D) Depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently.

A) Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress, or pain.

1. A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes: A) mania. B) dysthymia. C) depression. D) cyclothymia.

A) mania.

69. "How can we reduce suicide risk for our kids?" asks the high school counselor, the day after one of the school's star athletes commits suicide. Your BEST answer, based on research, is: A) "Postvention often helps." B) "There really is little you can do, other than watch the students carefully." C) "Close the school for a week, and let the students' parents help them deal with the loss." D) "Reverse modeling works best."

A) "Postvention often helps."

63. A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? A) "Probablyóabout two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." B) "Probablyómore than 90 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." C) "Almost certainlyóabout 80 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD show almost immediate improvement, and most of the rest show improvement within two years of starting therapy." D) "Yesóalmost everyone receiving treatment for PTSD shows improvement within a few months."

A) "Probablyóabout two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement."

3. A friend of yours diagnosed with unipolar depression says, "This can't be that bad. Maybe my creativity will increase." Which might be your BEST reply? A) "You should get some therapy; there's nothing positive about depression." B) "You should get some therapy; only about half of people with depression get more creative." C) "Think about getting some therapy; becoming more creative might not be worth it." D) "Don't worry; almost all people with depression recover and retain the creativity gains."

A) "You should get some therapy; there's nothing positive about depression."

135. One study showed that about what percentage of high-risk suicidal people who contact a suicide crisis hotline later commit suicide? A) 2 percent B) 10 percent C) 30 percent D) 50 percent

A) 2 percent

98. _____ people feel they are living with extreme stress. A) 33% B) 48% C) 52% D) 54%

A) 33%

57. Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness? A) behavioral B) biochemical C) cognitive D) psychoanalytic

A) behavioral

93. Based on the evidence about suicide rates, which intervention strategies should prevent the MOST suicides? A) Intervention focused on middle-aged adultsóthey have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly. B) Intervention focused on childrenóthey have a relatively low suicide rate, but it is rising extremely rapidly. C) Intervention focused on those older than 75óthey make far more suicide attempts than other age groups, although they have a low suicide rate. D) Intervention focused on teenagersóthey have the highest suicide attempt and suicide completion rates of any age group.

A) Intervention focused on middle-aged adultsóthey have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly.

137. Which descriptor would be LEAST likely to describe someone experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder, according to the cognitive perspective? A) Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow. B) I'm a bit of a control freak. C) It seems that I am always more "down" than my friends. D) I'm having a bit of trouble separating my thoughts from reality. I'm afraid if I think it, it will actually happen.

A) Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow.

92. Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between serotonin and suicide? A) Low levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity. B) High levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity. C) Serotonin makes people more likely to abuse substances, increasing the likelihood of their committing suicide. D) Suicide attempts increase the level of serotonin in the brain, making suicide more likely.

A) Low levels of serotonin are related to high levels of aggression and impulsivity.

87. _____ is a pop psychology term for the rush of fear that people have when they realize that they have misplaced or lost their cell phone, disconnecting them from the world. A) Nomophobia B) Online disinhibition effect C) Phoneorexia D) Disconnected effect

A) Nomophobia

39. _____ follows clear-cut stressful events where _____ seems to be a response to internal factors. A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression B) Cyclothymic disorder; reactive depression C) Postpartum depression; cyclothymic depression D) Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder

A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression

154. Which statement is true about research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for treating unipolar depression? A) Research studies show its effectiveness. B) It is no more effective than placebo therapy. C) A majority of those who undergo this treatmentó80 to 90 percentóshow almost total elimination of symptoms. D) Although people become less depressed, their thought patterns don't change.

A) Research studies show its effectiveness.

201. In which of the treatments for depression is a stimulating current sent through a patient's prefrontal cortex? A) TMS B) DBS C) both TMS and DBS D) neither TMS nor DBS

A) TMS

16. Which statement accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response? A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. B) The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. C) The hypothalamus excites the parasympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. D) The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing a reduction in arousal.

A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.

17. Which statement accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response? A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. B) The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids, which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. C) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. D) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop.

A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

92. Which statement is accurate regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression? A) They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can't explain. B) Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations. C) Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation. D) Rumination theory has almost no support and is on the way out.

A) They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can't explain.

17. How do death darers primarily differ from those in Shneidman's other categories? A) They are ambivalent about their deaths. B) They intend to end their lives with their actions. C) They believe that death will not end their existence. D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

A) They are ambivalent about their deaths.

106. Which hypothesis used to explain dissociative disorders is shared by psychodynamic and behavioral theorists? A) They serve to help someone escape something unpleasant. B) The attempts at forgetting are purposeful from the beginning. C) The process involved in forgetting is supported by subtle reinforcement. D) The individuals themselves are aware that their disorder is protecting them from facing a painful reality.

A) They serve to help someone escape something unpleasant.

128. According to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced. B) They have been punished in the past for engaging in the compulsive behaviors. C) They need a higher level of anxiety than average to be productive. D) They are irrational thinkers.

A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced.

142. A therapist treating a patient for depression first finds out what activities the client once found pleasurable. These activities are then reintroduced into the patient's daily schedule. Which type of therapy is this therapist using? A) behavioral therapy B) humanistic therapy C) interpersonal therapy D) psychodynamic therapy

A) behavioral therapy

84. Which statement BEST describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue? A) Those with dissociative fugue change where they live. B) Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event. C) Those with dissociative fugue experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge. D) Those with dissociative amnesia experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic, knowledge.

A) Those with dissociative fugue change where they live.

28. Which is the BEST description of the "avoidance theory" of generalized anxiety disorder? A) Worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal. B) Worry interferes with our ability to cope with life. C) Worrying keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions. D) Worrying is an uncontrollable part of life.

A) Worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal.

43. How concerned should we be about victims of sexual assault and terror? Is there a very great risk that they will experience PTSD? A) Yes, the risk is great; more than a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD. B) Yes, the risk is great; virtually everyone who experiences sexual assault or terror eventually experiences PTSD. C) No, the risk isn't great; only about 10 percent of sexual assault and terror victims experience PTSD. D) No, the risk isn't great; the number of people in these groups who experience PTSD is probably overestimated.

A) Yes, the risk is great; more than a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD.

62. Which would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression? A) a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed B) a finding that people show negative thoughts only after they become depressed C) a finding that biochemical imbalances lead to both depression and negative thoughts D) a finding that social rewards are not related to happiness

A) a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed

4. Leila always feels threatened and anxiousóimagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: A) a generalized anxiety disorder. B) a hormonal imbalance. C) no specific problem; she just likes to worry. D) a specific fear response.

A) a generalized anxiety disorder.

32. Which would be the MOST surprising example of suicide because it does not fit into the pattern that current research results have identified? A) a woman who stabbed and then hanged herself B) a woman who attempted suicide but did not succeed C) a man who shot himself D) a woman who killed herself with a drug overdose

A) a woman who stabbed and then hanged herself

196. A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they're harder to overdose on and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is: A) accurate. B) partially accurate; they are harder to overdose on but do require dietary restrictions. C) partially accurate; they are easier to overdose on but do not require dietary restrictions. D) inaccurate.

A) accurate.

209. Second messengers are: A) active inside the neuron. B) the same as neurotransmitters. C) important in increasing the effectiveness of tricyclics. D) hormones travelling in the bloodstream.

A) active inside the neuron.

90. In research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems MOST related to: A) aggression. B) introversion. C) selfishness. D) shame.

A) aggression.

146. Which behavior pattern is NOT listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? A) agoraphobia B) body dysmorphic disorder C) trichotillomania D) hoarding disorder

A) agoraphobia

177. An individual receiving a treatment for depression is happier because of higher levels of norepinephrine in his or her brain. What treatment is this person MOST likely receiving? A) an MAO inhibitor B) ECT C) an SSRI D) a tricyclic

A) an MAO inhibitor

40. If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have: A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine. B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine and their metabolites. C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites. D) especially high levels of cortisol and serotonin.

A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.

6. What is a parasuicide? A) an attempt to commit suicide B) a murder followed by a suicide C) a suicide committed on the first try D) a suicide committed after many tries

A) an attempt to commit suicide

64. Which would a combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder NOT be likely to experience? A) antipsychotic medication B) family therapy C) rap groups D) exposure therapy

A) antipsychotic medication

126. Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders: A) appear to work better when used in short-term rather than traditional ways. B) must avoid pointing out the client's defense mechanisms. C) work on intensifying the underlying conflict. D) do not interpret the client's behavior.

A) appear to work better when used in short-term rather than traditional ways.

126. At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Do you have a gun? Is it loaded and do you know how to use it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) assessing suicide potential B) understanding and clarifying the problem C) establishing a positive relationship D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

A) assessing suicide potential

100. People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing _____ symptoms of mania. A) behavioral B) motivational C) cognitive D) emotional

A) behavioral

141. JosÈ is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his wife. In short, he should increase his positive activity. His therapist MOST likely reflects the _____ orientation. A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) interpersonal

A) behavioral

86. Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went? A) cognitive theorists B) those who advocate using medication to treat social phobias C) those who also experience claustrophobia D) behavioral therapists

A) cognitive theorists

167. According to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for: A) cognitive therapy. B) psychodynamic therapy. C) placebo therapy. D) no therapy.

A) cognitive therapy.

80. Ever since the auto accident, during which he was miraculously unhurt, Paul has not been the same. He forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the last few days. His amnesia is termed: A) continuous. B) organic. C) circumscribed. D) selective.

A) continuous.

72. A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique. A) covert B) modeling C) fear hierarchical flooding D) in vivo

A) covert

16. According to Edwin Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called death: A) darers. B) seekers. C) ignorers. D) initiators.

A) darers.

130. The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to: A) depersonalization. B) multiple personalities. C) amnestic fugue. D) body dysmorphic disorder.

A) depersonalization.

55. Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards. B) depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards. C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports. D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards.

151. People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the: A) diathesis-stress model. B) psychodynamic model. C) cognitive-behavioral model. D) evolutionary perspective.

A) diathesis-stress model.

97. Research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder has revealed that: A) different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns. B) people with dissociative identity disorder did not show different brain response patterns for subpersonalities. C) no differences were found in brain activity between controls and individuals with dissociative identity disorder. D) control subjects who were asked to pretend they had different personalities were able to create different brain response patterns for each subpersonality.

A) different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns.

122. People with which dissociative disorder typically do not tend to eventually recover without receiving treatment? A) dissociative identity disorder B) dissociative fugue C) dissociative amnesia D) depersonalization-derealization disorder

A) dissociative identity disorder

85. In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A) divorced people. B) married people. C) widowed people. D) never-married people.

A) divorced people.

116. Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages: A) down the length of a neuron. B) from one neuron to another neuron. C) from a neuron to a muscle or gland. D) down the length of a muscle.

A) down the length of a neuron.

35. When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell shock") first recognized? A) during World War I B) after World War II C) during the Vietnam War D) during the Iraqi War

A) during World War I

103. The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is: A) excessively optimistic, with poor judgment. B) excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem. C) very coherent, with good judgment. D) very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.

A) excessively optimistic, with poor judgment.

65. A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing _____ therapy. A) exposure B) group C) insight D) drug

A) exposure

1. Fear differs from anxiety in that: A) fear is a response to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C) anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.

A) fear is a response to a specific threat and anxiety is more general.

96. A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely to also have a: A) fear of leaving home. B) fear of enclosed spaces. C) fear of other people. D) fear of driving.

A) fear of leaving home.

81. Which is an example of a specific social anxiety? A) fear of public speaking B) fear of snakes C) fear of tornados when a tornado warning is in effect D) fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others

A) fear of public speaking

27. Which is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder? A) feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities B) feelings of extreme guilt for surviving the traumatic event C) reliving the event through daydreams and night dreams D) excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings

A) feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities

36. Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are: A) female, or low-income individuals. B) male, or low-income individuals. C) female, or high-income individuals. D) male, or high-income individuals.

A) female, or low-income individuals.

83. Dissociative fugues usually: A) follow a stressful event. B) end very gradually. C) have numerous recurrences. D) involve irrecoverable memory loss.

A) follow a stressful event.

130. At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Will you promise me that you will call again if you ever feel like killing yourself again?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this question BEST represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) understanding and clarifying the problem D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

A) formulating a plan

5. A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing: A) free-floating anxiety. B) specific anxiety. C) fearful anxiety. D) obsessions.

A) free-floating anxiety.

124. In the treatment of dissociative amnesia, sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work by: A) freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events. B) "forcing" people to tell the truth. C) inducing a hypnotic state. D) alleviating depression.

A) freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.

110. Just after doing well in an intramural basketball gameósomething which left me very happy, and in a high state of excitementóI sat down and studied for my abnormal psychology test. Research shows I would perform best on that test if, at the time of the test, I was: A) happy and excited. B) happy but calm. C) neither happy nor sad, and excited. D) neither happy nor sad, and calm.

A) happy and excited.

100. In the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder: A) has increased. B) has decreased. C) first increased, then decreased. D) first decreased, then increased.

A) has increased.

107. A 12-year-old middle-school European-American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis? A) her age B) her ethnicity C) her gender D) her socioeconomic background

A) her age

9. Generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common: A) in African Americans than in white Americans. B) in men than in women. C) years after traumatic events, rather than immediately after those events. D) in wealthy people than in poor people.

A) in African Americans than in white Americans.

138. Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A) increase serotonin activity in the brain. B) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D) decrease serotonin activity in the brain.

A) increase serotonin activity in the brain.

139. For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must: A) increase serotonin activity. B) decrease serotonin activity. C) increase norepinephrine activity. D) decrease norepinephrine activity.

A) increase serotonin activity.

26. Which of the following is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder? A) increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt B) inability to remember the event that led to the stress C) increased responsiveness and emotion right after the event D) a tendency to want to go back to see the site of the stress

A) increased arousal, negative emotions, and guilt

78. A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and that she always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessnessñinduced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to: A) internal, global, stable factors. B) internal, specific, stable factors. C) internal, global, unstable factors. D) internal, specific, unstable factors.

A) internal, global, stable factors.

162. Which interpersonal problem area identified by interpersonal psychotherapists is MOST like the cause of depression suggested by psychoanalysis? A) interpersonal loss B) interpersonal deficits C) interpersonal role dispute D) interpersonal role transition

A) interpersonal loss

72. Dissociative disorders: A) involve major changes in memory. B) usually have a precise physical cause. C) are a type of anxiety disorder. D) must involve the presence of multiple personalities

A) involve major changes in memory.

114. A couple has been married for almost 50 years, and then one of them dies. The probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide: A) is much higher than normal. B) is a little higher than normal, but drops to normal levels within about six months. C) doesn't change much at all. D) drops substantially, especially if the couple had been having marital difficulties.

A) is much higher than normal.

127. Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior: A) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety. B) originally is associated with an increase in anxiety. C) is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations. D) is exhibited by everyone.

A) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety.

9. Which is a motivational symptom of depression? A) lack of desire to eat B) a negative view of oneself C) experiences of sadness and anger D) excessive sleep throughout the day

A) lack of desire to eat

42. Which is NOT a disadvantage of taking benzodiazepines? A) lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity B) return of anxiety symptoms when the medication is withdrawn C) impairment in cognitive and psychomotor functioning D) physical dependence on the drug

A) lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity

26. According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory," those with generalized anxiety disorder are: A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur. B) likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur. C) only able to tolerate uncertainty in mildly threatening events. D) only able to tolerate uncertainty in severely threatening events.

A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.

87. Biological researchers have found a link between suicide and: A) low activity levels of serotonin. B) high activity levels of serotonin dopamine. C) high levels of 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid. D) an elevated number of serotonin receptor sites.

A) low activity levels of serotonin.

23. Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A) maladaptive assumptions. B) lack of empathy. C) interpersonal loss. D) overactive id impulses.

A) maladaptive assumptions.

53. About 30 percent of those receiving outpatient therapy are diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. Some experts say adjustment disorders are: A) overdiagnosed, because they are easy to apply to many problems and are less stigmatizing than other diagnoses. B) overdiagnosed, because clinicians often fail to see that what they label adjustment disorders are in fact stress disorders. C) underdiagnosed, because many clinicians suspect malingering is the problem, not an adjustment disorder. D) underdiagnosed, because many clinicians are unwilling to give a diagnosis when a person might not really have a disorder.

A) overdiagnosed, because they are easy to apply to many problems and are less stigmatizing than other diagnoses.

91. Rosa's heart was racing (from the four cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a: A) panic attack. B) manic episode. C) specific phobia. D) social phobia.

A) panic attack.

92. A person is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A) panic attack. B) phobia. C) obsessive-compulsive response. D) posttraumatic disorder.

A) panic attack.

95. Raphael was outside the parking garage when, out of nowhere, he suddenly felt overwhelming fear. Raphael noticed that his fear increased, he started to feel out of control, and the intensity of the feelings seemed to reach a peak and then pass within a few minutes. This is an example of a: A) panic attack. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

A) panic attack.

49. People with this disorder experience frequent panic attacks along with dysfunctional changes in their thinking or behavior as a result of the panic attacks. A) panic disorder B) phobic disorder C) obsessive-compulsive disorder D) generalized anxiety disorder

A) panic disorder

94. Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A) panic disorder.

15. Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are _____ symptoms of depression. A) physical B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational

A) physical

48. Which is the LEAST common predictor of suicide? A) physical illness B) hopelessness or cognitive rigidity C) depression D) alcoholism

A) physical illness

73. If a student at your school commits suicide, the staff might offer counseling sessions for the other students. If so, the staff is engaging in: A) postvention. B) destigmatization. C) substance abuse prevention. D) psychodynamic therapy.

A) postvention.

49. The clinician who would be MOST likely to say to an adult client, "Tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you when you were a young child," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) behavioral clinician. C) cognitive clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

A) psychodynamic clinician.

50. The clinician who would be MOST likely to say to an adult client, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) behavioral clinician. C) cognitive clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

A) psychodynamic clinician.

126. If a therapist asked you to say whatever came to mind, then suggested interpretations designed to help you work through grief over real or imagined losses, your therapist would be using: A) psychodynamic therapy. B) cognitive therapy. C) behavioral therapy. D) sociocultural therapy.

A) psychodynamic therapy.

50. A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture? A) psychological B) physical C) deprivation D) sexual

A) psychological

30. A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.

35. The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that: A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are. B) distant relatives of those with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives are. C) relatives share not only biological characteristics but also similar environments. D) identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins.

A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are.

7. Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth in the middle of a dense wooded area where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a death: A) seeker. B) initiator. C) ignorer. D) darer.

A) seeker.

116. A child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse, and insensitive to the physical abuse, as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation of this behavior is: A) self-hypnosis. B) state-dependent memory. C) eidetic imagery. D) memory while under simulated anesthesia.

A) self-hypnosis.

25. There has been an increase in YouTube videos glamorizing this behavior that is associated with subintentional death. A) self-injury B) alcohol or substance use C) recurrent physical fighting D) promiscuous sexual behavior

A) self-injury

4. Recently, this behavior has been added to the list of behaviors that may contribute to subintentional deaths. A) self-injury B) alcohol or substance use C) recurrent physical fighting D) promiscuous sexual behavior

A) self-injury

20. A teenager's hands and arms are covered with self-inflicted burns, and the teenager seems almost addicted to this destructive behavior. The self-inflicted burns would MOST likely be classified as: A) self-injury, a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "subintentional death" classification. B) instigators, a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "death initiators" classification. C) a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "death darer" classification. D) a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "death seeker" classification.

A) self-injury, a variety of Edwin Shneidman's "subintentional death" classification.

37. Based on recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments: A) significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD. B) doesn't impact troops much at all. C) actually decreases the risk of a soldier experiencing PTSD. D) increases PTSD risk, but only by a small amount.

A) significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD.

16. Which is a physical symptom of depression? A) sleeping poorly B) lack of desire to go to work C) decreased level of physical activity D) experiences of sadness and dejection

A) sleeping poorly

80. Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be: A) social anxiety disorder. B) a specific phobia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

A) social anxiety disorder.

7. Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the _____ perspective. A) sociocultural B) psychodynamic C) humanistic-existential D) cognitive

A) sociocultural

67. If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then: A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others. B) all phobias should diminishówith treatmentóat about the same rate. C) animals and humans should have the same phobias. D) phobias should be less frequent in modern than in ancient times.

A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.

59. According to research, which person would probably NOT develop a stress disorder following trauma? A) someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control B) someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment before the trauma C) someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation D) someone who could be described as not very handy

A) someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control

3. Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a: A) stressor. B) stress response. C) stress disorder. D) psychophysical disorder.

A) stressor.

61. While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example? A) the trees B) the lightning C) the rainstorm D) the feelings of fear

A) the trees

72. Suicides that are carried out in bizarre ways for political reasons are MOST likely to trigger: A) those with emotional problems to commit suicide in the same manner. B) those with similar political views to commit suicide, but in a different manner. C) no particular increase in suicides. D) a decrease in suicides, because of close media attention to the bizarre aspects of the act.

A) those with emotional problems to commit suicide in the same manner.

19. I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in ______ anxiety. A) trait B) state C) situation D) content

A) trait

145. What is the scientific name for "hair-pulling disorder"? A) trichotillomania B) musomania C) traumatomania D) gephyromania

A) trichotillomania

17. To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

A) two weeks.

43. Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be: A) very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression. B) one of a kind; previous studies do not connect specific brain areas to depression. C) unusual; only a few previous studies connect this brain area to depression. D) expected; many previous studies connect this brain area to depression. This study is a replication.

A) very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression.

184. People who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of negative side effects would make the greatest changes in which aspect of life? A) what they eat B) the type and amount of exercise they get C) their sex lives D) the amount of time they spend in the sun

A) what they eat

110. For teenagers, the highest suicide rates are found among: A) white Americans and American Indians. B) American Indians and African Americans. C) African Americans and Hispanic Americans. D) white Americans and Hispanic Americans.

A) white Americans and American Indians.

91. Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests: A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression. B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women. C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression. D) depression is caused by examining one's feelings too closely.

A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression.

98. Adolescent suicides differ from suicides at other age levels in all of these ways EXCEPT: A) In addition to depression, many also experience anger and impulsiveness. B) Many experience significant loss before the suicide. C) Suicides may be triggered by more immediate stress, especially at school. D) Adolescents may be more suggestible and eager to imitate others.

B) Many experience significant loss before the suicide.

44. Which statement about rape is accurate? A) Most rape victims do not know their attackers. B) Most rape victims are young adults. C) About equal numbers of men and women are raped. D) About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime.

B) Most rape victims are young adults.

88. Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to seek help for it. This is consistent with the: A) hormone theory. B) artifact theory. C) quality-of-life theory. D) social pressure.

B) artifact theory.

65. The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n): A) overgeneralization. B) arbitrary inference. C) selective abstraction. D) magnification and minimization.

B) arbitrary inference.

109. According to cognitive theorists, people experiencing anxiety sensitivity: A) are oblivious to body sensations. B) are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately. C) interpret bodily sensations as abnormally pleasant. D) confuse physical and emotional sensations.

B) are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately.

134. Which statement about the successes of suicide prevention programs is accurate? A) People at greatest risk for suicide are most likely to call prevention centers. B) Of those who call, fewer commit suicide than those who don't call who are in a similar risk group. C) Suicide rates are consistently lower in communities that have centers. D) People thinking of suicide know about and readily call centers.

B) Of those who call, fewer commit suicide than those who don't call who are in a similar risk group.

23. A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called: A) hysteria. B) acute stress disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

B) acute stress disorder.

50. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for this age group. A) children B) adolescents C) young adults D) elderly

B) adolescents

140. Depersonalization disorder is most common among: A) preadolescents. B) adolescents and young adults. C) adults between the ages of 40 and 60. D) adults over 60.

B) adolescents and young adults.

13. The organ that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the: A) ganglion. B) adrenal gland. C) hippocampus. D) medulla.

B) adrenal gland.

75. In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for: A) some but not all the events surrounding the trauma. B) all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time. C) all events from the trauma onward. D) all events before and after the trauma.

B) all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

110. Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist that your friend could do? A) Seek immediate, in-depth treatment; hypomania severely limits artists. B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity. C) Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed; cyclothymic disorder is characteristic of most great artists. D) Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed; bipolar II disorder is characteristic of most great artists.

B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity.

48. Which of the following is MOST likely to experience stress related to employment? A) Stacey, a 32-year old Caucasian single mother B) Juan, a Hispanic American male age 40 C) Sean, an African American male age 35 D) Monique, an African American single mother age 42

B) Juan, a Hispanic American male age 40

176. Today, electroconvulsive therapy: A) is more likely to involve the use of insulin than shock. B) also involves the use of muscle relaxants. C) is given without anesthetic to reduce memory loss. D) is more likely to involve bilateral shock.

B) also involves the use of muscle relaxants.

38. What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future? A) Almost zeroóso far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression. B) Lowóso far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression. C) Moderateóresearchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression. D) Highóresearchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression.

B) Lowóso far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression.

81. A society that honors those who kill themselves to defend their families or country, or because of a value they hold dear, would have a higher rate of what Durkheim calls ______ suicide. A) egoistic B) altruistic C) anomic D) intragroup

B) altruistic

131. An abnormal-psychology instructor asks in class, "What kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies: A) "Client-centered therapies and exposure therapies." B) "Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs." C) "Antidepressant drugs and biofeedback." D) "Biofeedback and relaxation training."

B) "Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs."

89. A person says, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. I don't know which to choose." Based on current research, the BEST answer would be: A) "That's the best advice your therapist could have given." B) "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse." C) "Drug therapy works especially well in combination with short-term psychodynamic therapy; cognitive-behavioral therapies don't help much." D) "Unfortunately, no therapy works very well in the long run for most people with social anxiety disorder."

B) "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse."

46. A person wonders whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on present research, the BEST answer is: A) "Try something else; neither one works very well." B) "Try either one; each seems to have a modest effect." C) "Try relaxation training; biofeedback doesn't work." D) "Try biofeedback; relaxation doesn't work."

B) "Try either one; each seems to have a modest effect."

1. About how many suicides are committed annually in the United States? A) 15,000 B) 38,000 C) 120,000 D) 700,000

B) 38,000

101. How many people lie awake at night due to stress? A) 33% B) 48% C) 52% D) 54%

B) 48%

4. What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States? A) 1-5 percent B) 5-10 percent C) 8-15 percent D) 20-23 percent

B) 5-10 percent

168. About what percentage of people receiving treatment for depression are in dysfunctional relationships? A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 75 percent D) 90 percent

B) 50 percent

49. _____ of every 100,000 teens commit suicide in the United States each year. A) 2 B) 7 C) 18 D) 19

B) 7

143. Which is a correct match of person and approach? A) Lewinsohn and psychodynamic therapy B) Beck and cognitive therapy C) Seligman and behavioral therapy D) Weissman and learned helplessness

B) Beck and cognitive therapy

99. How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities? A) Evoked potentials can be elicited iatrogenically by therapists. B) Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns. C) Nonpatients are able to fake results just like those diagnosed with multiple personalities. D) Only those with traumatic backgrounds produce evoked potentials.

B) Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns.

125. According to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the _____ development. A) oral B) anal C) phallic D) genital

B) anal

56. Based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders? A) Certain personality characteristics are related to the development of stress disorders, but not to recovery from these disorders. B) Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them. C) Certain personality characteristics are related to recovery from stress disorders, but not to their development. D) Personality characteristics are related to neither the development of nor recovery from stress disorders.

B) Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them.

64. Which behavioral assumption has not been supported by research? A) Fear can be acquired through modeling. B) Phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans. C) Animals can learn to make avoidance responses. D) Phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

B) Phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

139. _____ occurs when a physician helps a patient to end his or her life in response to the patient's request. A) Euthanasia B) Physician-assisted suicide C) Parasuicide D) Cluster suicide

B) Physician-assisted suicide

45. Which statement about the long-term effects of rape on women is accurate? A) Rape impacts a woman's psychological well-being but not her physical well-being. B) Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health. C) For the vast majority of women, the impact of rape does not persist beyond about four months. D) The greatest stress is experienced many months after the rape rather than immediately after the rape.

B) Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health.

103. Which BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are? A) Teenagers have the opportunity for many more attempts than elderly people do. B) Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts. C) Teenagers have far greater access to pro-suicide websites. D) The media is much more likely to cover teen suicides than those of elderly people.

B) Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts.

28. Which statement about the relationship between religion and suicide is accurate? A) A country's economic status is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its major religion. B) The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion. C) Countries that have high Jewish and Muslim populations also have high suicide rates. D) Religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than it is for men, especially in Catholic countries.

B) The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion.

206. A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug? A) Nothing muchóthe drug works specifically on manic episodes. B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes. C) The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes, followed by a return to the usual intensity. D) The person probably would develop unipolar depression.

B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.

24. Which is the BEST example of retrospective analysis? A) Researchers ask college students to write suicide notes to study what they think is the motivation for suicide. B) Therapists who had patients who committed suicide are interviewed to gain information on suicide. C) Adolescents at high risk for suicide are treated through a suicide prevention center. D) Those who have made suicide attempts are part of a suicide education program.

B) Therapists who had patients who committed suicide are interviewed to gain information on suicide.

40. If one wanted a drug to improve the effectiveness of GABA, one would choose: A) a drug that increased neuronal firing speed. B) a benzodiazepine. C) any of the antidepressants. D) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level.

B) a benzodiazepine.

28. Which does NOT characterize stress disorders? A) recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event C) reduced responsiveness to the world around one D) signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions

B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

36. Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found: A) an overwhelming percentage of cases of depression can be attributed to an allele variation on a single chromosome. B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients. C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins. D) no compelling evidence for a link between genetics and depression.

B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

104. On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing: A) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder. B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder. C) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder. D) hypomania.

B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.

85. An individual who had suffered from dissociative fugue likely would have experienced all of the following EXCEPT: A) relatively few aftereffects. B) a recurrence of the problem months or years later. C) a fairly sudden ending to the dissociative fugue state. D) a traumatic event.

B) a recurrence of the problem months or years later.

152. A comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called: A) systematic desensitization. B) a stress management program. C) preparedness. D) drug therapy.

B) a stress management program.

147. Someone with skin-picking disorder would be LEAST likely to pick skin in which area of the body? A) face B) abdomen C) arms D) legs

B) abdomen

99. Which group correctly lists and ranks the leading causes of death among teenagers? A) drug overdose, cancer, suicide B) accidents, homicide, suicide C) suicide, drug overdoses, accidents D) homicide, suicide, cancer

B) accidents, homicide, suicide

127. At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Have you ever tried to commit suicide in the past? [If yes] How did you try to do it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) establishing a positive relationship D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

B) assessing suicide potential

112. If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is: A) simply too stressed at the time for memories to be laid down. B) at a different arousal level after the stress is over. C) a smoker. D) one who habitually drinks too much.

B) at a different arousal level after the stress is over.

33. Women are _____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders. A) equally B) at least twice C) three times D) four times

B) at least twice

21. A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying a: A) meta-worry. B) basic irrational assumption. C) compulsion. D) condition of worth.

B) basic irrational assumption.

22. A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent and adequate and achieve in all possible aspects is displaying a: A) meta-worry. B) basic irrational assumption. C) compulsion. D) condition of worth.

B) basic irrational assumption.

20. Maura believes that it is a dire necessity for her to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way she wants them. She is displaying basic: A) existential anxiety. B) basic irrational assumptions. C) moral anxiety. D) conditions of worth.

B) basic irrational assumptions.

132. Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be a part of a _____ therapy program. A) cognitive B) behavioral C) interpersonal D) psychoanalytic

B) behavioral

58. The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to ask "What are some things you enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?" would be a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) behavioral clinician. C) cognitive clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

B) behavioral clinician.

131. If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforce nondepressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using: A) psychodynamic therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) cognitive therapy. D) sociocultural therapy.

B) behavioral therapy.

137. A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of: A) cognitive therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) humanistic therapy. D) psychodynamic therapy.

B) behavioral therapy.

138. Aaron's persistent feelings of sadness and impending doom dominate his life. Every time he says anything even a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. Otherwise the therapist has a stone face. This therapist is probably using some variation of: A) cognitive therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) psychoanalytic therapy. D) interpersonal psychotherapy.

B) behavioral therapy.

65. "Among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness, and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce." The person who believes this espouses the _____ explanation of the development of phobias. A) environmental B) behavioral-evolutionary C) empirical D) externalized

B) behavioral-evolutionary

130. Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life? A) psychodynamic perspective B) behaviorism C) interpersonal psychotherapy D) socioculturalism

B) behaviorism

41. If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the: A) behavioral orientation. B) biochemical orientation. C) psychodynamic orientation. D) sociocultural orientation.

B) biochemical orientation.

118. The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective? A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) humanistic

B) biological

35. Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies? A) humanist B) biological C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

B) biological

105. Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as: A) bipolar II seasonal. B) bipolar II rapid cycling. C) bipolar I mixed episodes. D) bipolar I.

B) bipolar II rapid cycling.

143. The most current research suggests that, among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, reductions in activity levels in the caudate nuclei result from: A) the associated reduction in serotonin levels in the brain. B) both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies. C) one's initial level of caudate nuclei activityóthose with high levels maintain them. D) an artifact in the research protocol related to the length of time the person has had the diagnosis.

B) both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

132. A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder. How would one decide which diagnosis is BEST? A) by considering how long it had been going on B) by considering which symptoms predominated C) by considering the type of stress the person had endured D) by considering which form of treatment worked best

B) by considering which symptoms predominated

128. The best evidence for the effectiveness of the psychodynamic approach comes from: A) work with people who have severe depression. B) case study reports. C) large-scale research projects conducted by the APA. D) situations when the childhood loss is less obvious.

B) case study reports.

21. Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

B) catatonic

188. To effectively reduce the chances of relapse of depressive symptoms, patients should: A) take a larger dose of tricyclics than necessary for relief of symptoms. B) continue to take tricyclics after they are symptom-free. C) gradually taper off the dose of tricyclics once they are symptom-free. D) take MAO inhibitors along with tricyclics.

B) continue to take tricyclics after they are symptom-free.

15. The group of hormones that appear to be MOST involved in arousal and the fear reaction are the: A) prolactins. B) corticosteroids. C) adrenalaltoids. D) beta-blockers.

B) corticosteroids.

62. Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible: A) genetic and neurotransmitter causes. B) cultural belief system and social support factors. C) prejudice within military and police forces. D) early childhood differences in educational experiences.

B) cultural belief system and social support factors.

107. Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants: A) decreases younger patient suicide rates. B) decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide. C) increases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are less likely to commit suicide. D) has no predictable effect on suicide rates in younger patients.

B) decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide.

14. According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when: A) a person does not dream, and thus has no outlet for anxiety. B) defense mechanisms are inadequate to cope with anxiety. C) a person never has a chance to experience trauma. D) defense mechanisms are too strong.

B) defense mechanisms are inadequate to cope with anxiety.

31. A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about the trauma they experienced is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) demonstrating avoidance. C) demonstrating reduced responsiveness. D) demonstrating increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

B) demonstrating avoidance.

136. If a person's mental functioning or body feels unreal or foreign, the person is MOST likely suffering from: A) body dysmorphic disorder. B) depersonalization. C) dissociative identity disorder. D) dissociative amnesia.

B) depersonalization.

98. The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat: A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) bipolar disorder. D) generalized anxiety.

B) depression.

53. A person who sees life in "right or wrong," "all or none" terms is engaging in: A) hopelessness. B) dichotomous thinking. C) psychache. D) blaming.

B) dichotomous thinking.

74. People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially information of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing: A) depersonalization. B) dissociative amnesia. C) body dysmorphic disorder. D) the placebo response.

B) dissociative amnesia.

70. A person experiencing multiple personalities would MOST accurately be diagnosed with: A) schizophrenia. B) dissociative disorder. C) fugue. D) amnesia.

B) dissociative disorder.

79. According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called ______ suicides. A) anomic B) egoistic C) imitative D) altruistic

B) egoistic

82. Juan is an atheist, does what he wants, and is alienated from others. He feels life isn't worth living and kills himself. According to Emile Durkheim, he would be classified as an ______ suicide. A) anomic B) egoistic C) imitative D) altruistic

B) egoistic

8. The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptom of depression. A) cognitive B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational

B) emotional

128. When answering the telephone of a suicide hotline, the first step for the counselor is to: A) formulate a plan. B) establish a positive relationship. C) understand and clarify the problem. D) assess the caller's suicide potential.

B) establish a positive relationship.

129. An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedures? A) family therapy B) exposure and response prevention C) reinforcement for compulsive behavior D) free association

B) exposure and response prevention

63. Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are often in response to: A) voices commanding them to kill themselves. B) feelings of demoralization. C) overdoses of antipsychotic drugs. D) a feeling of invincibility.

B) feelings of demoralization.

73. An entomologist's fear of spiders is debilitating. To treat this phobia, a therapist puts the entomologist in a room with spiders, even asking her to handle them. This technique might be used in: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) covert desensitization. D) systematic desensitization.

B) flooding.

116. Which factor does NOT contribute to the high suicide rate among the elderly? A) loss of close friends and relatives B) geographical location C) loss of status D) feelings that they are burdensome to others

B) geographical location

157. Which is the BEST example of interpersonal role transition? A) taking an important exam B) going away to college for the first time C) exploring the spiritual dimensions of one's life D) planting a garden

B) going away to college for the first time

85. A person recently was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. A BEST guess is that the person is in: A) elementary school and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. B) high school and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. C) elementary school and is less likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. D) high school and less likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.

B) high school and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.

85. Altruistic suicide is MOST likely to occur in a country that: A) is experiencing great upheaval, disruption of values, and immigration. B) honors those who kill themselves for a higher good. C) has a number of ethnic minorities who are very religious. D) has a high level of substance abuse.

B) honors those who kill themselves for a higher good.

106. A developing body of research shows that antidepressant use in children and adolescents: A) substantially increases overall suicide risk. B) increases suicide risk for some individuals but decreases the overall suicide risk. C) decreases suicide risk for some individuals but increases the overall suicide risk. D) does not lower suicide risk, as it does for adults.

B) increases suicide risk for some individuals but decreases the overall suicide risk.

18. Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates to save herself and her family from the final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a death: A) seeker. B) initiator. C) ignorer. D) darer.

B) initiator.

117. I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. It took me several seconds to realize where I was, and I continued my run without incident. What I experienced was: A) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. B) jamais vu. C) dÈj‡ vu. D) absentmindedness.

B) jamais vu.

77. Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) symbolic (imagined) loss. B) learned helplessness. C) artifact theory. D) body dissatisfaction.

B) learned helplessness.

39. Which does NOT put one at higher risk for suicide? A) experiencing mood and thought changes B) learning about suicide in abnormal psychology C) having an alcohol abuse problem D) experiencing uncontrollable and repeated stressful events

B) learning about suicide in abnormal psychology

198. Therapists who treat African American clients for depression need to be aware that their clients are: A) less likely to benefit from proper antidepressant medication. B) less likely to receive newer second-generation drugs. C) more likely to receive the newer, not well-tested drugs. D) more likely than European Americans to receive drug prescriptions on their first therapy.

B) less likely to receive newer second-generation drugs.

203. Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with: A) ECT. B) lithium. C) imipramine. D) tranquilizers.

B) lithium.

77. Shawn experiences a mugging and robbery in which his dog is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, he is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of ______amnesia. A) selective B) localized C) continuous D) generalized

B) localized

191. A person who is recovering from depression continues to take tricyclic medication for several months after most symptoms are gone. This is called: A) maintenance therapy, but it is not necessary; once symptoms are gone, they tend not to reappear. B) maintenance therapy, and it is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing. C) placebo therapy, but it is not necessary; once symptoms are gone, they tend not to reappear. D) placebo therapy, and it is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing.

B) maintenance therapy, and it is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing.

25. This disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons. A) persistent depressive disorder B) major depressive disorder C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

B) major depressive disorder

72. Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is: A) providing an example of the cognitive triad. B) making ruminative responses. C) committing errors in logic. D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.

B) making ruminative responses.

62. A clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows a diminishing of depressive symptoms. This person's risk of committing suicide: A) has increased dramatically; almost no one who is depressed commits suicide until she or he is recovering. B) may have increased, because the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse. C) probably has decreased, although a slight risk remains. D) has decreased substantially; almost no one who is depressed commits suicide once recovery from depression is under way.

B) may have increased, because the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse.

31. "Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A) rational-emotive therapy B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy C) intolerance of uncertainty therapy D) biofeedback

B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

75. One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.

B) modeling.

77. Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive techniques. D) covert desensitization.

B) modeling.

127. One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed? A) not far at all because protectors usually emerge even before the disorder is diagnosed B) moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration C) very far because a protector usually emerges after subpersonality integration, and before fusion D) all the way because a protector usually emerges only after successful therapy is over

B) moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration

100. Teenagers are different from people who are older than they are who commit suicide, because teenagers are: A) more likely to be depressed. B) more impulsive and have poorer problem-solving skills. C) more likely to have feelings of hopelessness. D) more prone to homicide than suicide.

B) more impulsive and have poorer problem-solving skills.

82. A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become: A) more withdrawn. B) more outgoing. C) more inhibited. D) more histrionic in their emotional reactions.

B) more outgoing.

175. ECT has changed over the years. Patients given this treatment now may receive: A) higher levels of current. B) muscle relaxants. C) oxygen to prevent memory loss. D) insulin.

B) muscle relaxants.

90. When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a: A) coconscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

B) mutually cognizant pattern.

91. Raymond has dissociative identity disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a: A) coconscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

B) mutually cognizant pattern.

156. Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that: A) Beck's approach to therapy should continue to be followed without modification. B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated. C) acceptance and commitment therapy is outdated and no longer useful. D) therapy needs to be individualized, not delivered in a group setting.

B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated.

11. According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulsesómaking mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitalsóare at risk for developing: A) realistic anxiety. B) neurotic anxiety. C) moral anxiety. D) existential anxiety.

B) neurotic anxiety.

54. Someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. You can be reasonably sure that this person's disorder is: A) actually within the range of normal functioning, so it is not really a DSM-5 disorder. B) not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. C) not normal, and more severe than acute distress disorder, but less severe than posttraumatic stress disorder. D) not normal, and more severe than either acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder.

B) not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder.

102. A U.S. teenager has just attempted suicide. MOST likely, the teenager has: A) not succeeded and almost certainly will never attempt suicide again. B) not succeeded but may try again. C) not succeeded and almost certainly will attempt suicide again. D) succeeded.

B) not succeeded but may try again.

76. In modeling, the client: A) confronts the feared object directly. B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object. C) imagines the therapist confronting the feared object. D) imagines himself or herself confronting the feared object.

B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object.

83. Which disorder is experienced by about the same number of women and men? A) generalized anxiety disorder B) obsessive-compulsive disorder C) social anxiety disorder D) specific phobia

B) obsessive-compulsive disorder

122. Suicide prevention programs: A) involve the use of paraprofessionals. B) offer crisis interventions. C) are often found in emergency rooms as well as clinics. D) include paraprofessionals and crisis interventions and are found in emergency rooms and clinics.

B) offer crisis interventions.

42. One problem with analogue studies of depression is that: A) people from different cultural backgrounds show different symptoms of depression. B) one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression. C) computers are presently unable to simulate depressive symptoms as humans experience those symptoms. D) genetic correlational studies don't necessarily demonstrate causal links between genes and depression.

B) one cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression.

58. Who is MOST at risk for suicide? A) one with a panic or other anxiety disorder B) one who is depressed and dependent on alcohol C) one who is schizophrenic and developmentally disabled D) one without a diagnosable mental disorder

B) one who is depressed and dependent on alcohol

93. A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A) typical panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) physiological damage. D) a normal response to stress.

B) panic disorder.

103. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines such as alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating: A) phobias. B) panic disorders. C) generalized anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive disorders.

B) panic disorders.

59. Although all of these mental disorders are of concern for increased suicide risk, the LEAST likely to be linked to suicide is: A) depression. B) posttraumatic stress disorder. C) alcoholism. D) schizophrenia.

B) posttraumatic stress disorder.

134. Which treatment would a behavioral therapist be MOST likely to use with a patient with unipolar depression? A) electroconvulsive treatments B) praise for engaging in positive activities C) insight into the underlying problem D) identification of distorted thinking and negative biases

B) praise for engaging in positive activities

123. A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation? A) cognitive B) psychodynamic C) behavioral D) humanistic

B) psychodynamic

44. Which occupation has a particularly high rate of suicide? A) used-car salespeople B) psychologists C) priests D) gourmet chefs

B) psychologists

33. JosÈ saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work, sleep, feels hopeless and anhedonic. There are several other symptoms consistent with these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be: A) recurrent depression. B) reactive depression. C) endogenous depression. D) melancholic depression.

B) reactive depression.

205. Lithium has been found to: A) be useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. B) reduce the number of manic episodes in those with bipolar disorder. C) increase the effectiveness of drugs used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) be more effective in treating bipolar disorder when used in conjunction with ECT than when used alone.

B) reduce the number of manic episodes in those with bipolar disorder.

44. Which treatment is a nonchemical biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today? A) psychoanalysis B) relaxation training C) behavior modification D) rational-emotive therapy

B) relaxation training

70. The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is: A) role playing. B) relaxation training. C) construction of a fear hierarchy. D) graded pairings with the phobic object.

B) relaxation training.

26. One of the factors that is believed to account for differences in the suicide rates of different countries is: A) climate. B) religious affiliation and beliefs. C) prevalence of mental disorders. D) governmental regulations regarding suicide.

B) religious affiliation and beliefs.

160. A woman who is in conflict with her husband over whether she should have a career or stay at home full time to care for their children is experiencing interpersonal: A) loss dispute. B) role dispute. C) role transition. D) loss deficits.

B) role dispute.

95. You are asked to speak before a local elementary school's Parent Teacher Association (PTA) about suicide attempts by the very young. You should mention that suicide attempts by the very young often occur when they have: A) shown a sudden drop in interest in death in general. B) run away from home. C) experienced the birth of a sibling. D) begun to ignore criticism from others.

B) run away from home.

39. Which is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? A) seeing dead or gravely wounded civilians B) seeing friends seriously wounded or killed C) being injured or hospitalized themselves D) being treated for a combat-related stress disorder

B) seeing friends seriously wounded or killed

113. Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders? A) regression B) self-hypnosis C) lack of repression D) classical conditioning

B) self-hypnosis

115. Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter? A) dopamine B) serotonin C) acetylcholine D) norepinephrine

B) serotonin

6. According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate symptoms of edginess, sleep changes, distress, and excessive worry for ______ to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. A) two months B) six months C) four months D) five months

B) six months

60. After Marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay while Marie recovered. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident. How does this relate as a factor in her response to stress? A) personality B) social support C) severity of the trauma D) the nature of her childhood experiences

B) social support

75. According to Martin Seligman's theory, who would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness? A) someone who had experienced no uncontrollable negative events, then experienced a controllable negative event B) someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event C) someone who had experienced controllable negative events, and then another controllable negative event D) someone who had experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events

B) someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event

20. Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in ______ anxiety. A) trait B) state C) neurotic D) existential

B) state

108. Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on: A) social learning theory. B) state-dependent learning. C) active-avoidance learning. D) associative memory learning.

B) state-dependent learning.

111. Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in: A) avoidant dysmorphia. B) state-dependent learning. C) convergent variable learning. D) neurobiological concordance.

B) state-dependent learning.

62. According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of: A) modeling. B) stimulus generalization. C) stimulus discrimination. D) response prevention.

B) stimulus generalization.

4. Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: A) stressor. B) stress response. C) social support system. D) potential stressor.

B) stress response.

1. Poor health is BEST described as a: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) stress model.

B) stressor.

88. The strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from: A) studies linking specific genetic mutations to suicidal tendencies. B) studies of neurotransmitter levels. C) family pedigree studies. D) a Danish study of identical twins.

B) studies of neurotransmitter levels.

19. In some religious traditions, people whip themselves or force themselves into uncomfortable physical positions as forms of repenting for their own or others' sins. These self-injurious behaviors MOST closely fit which of Edwin Shneidman's categories? A) death darer B) subintentional death C) death initiator D) death ignorer

B) subintentional death

64. Based on the fact that one suicidal act can serve as a model for another, which would NOT be a common trigger for a suicide attempt? A) suicides by family members and friends B) suicides by the elderly C) suicides by celebrities D) suicides by coworkers or colleagues

B) suicides by the elderly

141. If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I: A) get married to someone I really love. B) survive a bad car accident. C) travel on vacation near where I live. D) experience a sudden bout of mania.

B) survive a bad car accident.

69. Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is an aspect of: A) implosive therapy. B) systematic desensitization. C) experimental extinction. D) self-instruction training.

B) systematic desensitization.

194. Second-generation antidepressants: A) mimic MAO inhibitors and tricyclics. B) target specific neurotransmission reuptake. C) increase the sex drive of depressed people. D) are yet to be widely prescribed.

B) target specific neurotransmission reuptake.

66. Assume that a recent local suicide attempt was clearly a case of modeling. The person who would MOST likely model another's suicide would be a(n): A) preteen. B) teenager. C) adult in his or her thirties. D) adult in his or her fifties.

B) teenager.

105. In addition to failing to explain why some people who experience severe trauma do not develop dissociative disorders, behavioral theorists also have the MOST difficulty explaining how: A) reinforcement is related to the onset of the disorder. B) temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder. C) therapists could iatrogenically cause the disorder. D) operant conditioning is related to the disorder.

B) temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder.

29. A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely: A) the "baby blues," something experienced by less than half of new mothers. B) the "baby blues," something experienced by more than half of new mothers. C) postpartum depression, something experienced by more than half of new mothers. D) postpartum depression, something experienced by less than half of new mothers.

B) the "baby blues," something experienced by more than half of new mothers.

46. Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression EXCEPT: A) Brodmann Area 25. B) the corpus callosum. C) the hippocampus. D) the amygdala.

B) the corpus callosum.

124. According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps obsessing about immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts: A) the scrubbing represents a healthy coping response. B) the immoral images represent id impulses. C) the superego is helping the person to avoid id impulses. D) ego defenses are not present.

B) the immoral images represent id impulses.

106. The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A) the number of depressive and manic episodes. B) the severity of the manic episodes. C) the number of depressive episodes. D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.

B) the severity of the manic episodes.

15. Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common: A) their understanding of how generalized anxiety develops and can be treated. B) their lack of strong support from controlled studies. C) their reliance on a rather harsh, confrontational therapeutic style. D) their use of multidisciplinary therapists who work exclusively in group settings.

B) their lack of strong support from controlled studies.

68. If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be correct (based on the research) in saying that: A) there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing. B) there is little evidence that debriefing works. C) there is strong, convincing evidence that debriefing works well. D) there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves.

B) there is little evidence that debriefing works.

121. Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that: A) there does not appear to be a genetic component in the development of bipolar disorders. B) there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders. C) the close relatives of people with bipolar disorders have an 80 percent chance of having one of these disorders. D) careful studies in other countries suggest that environmental factors are of far greater importance than genetic factors in the development of bipolar disorders.

B) there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.

116. People who experience obsessions show: A) typical levels of worry about real problems. B) thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them. C) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist. D) a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate.

B) thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.

192. Which best represents how tricyclics work? A) tricyclic ingested, reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin blocked, larger amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, less neuronal firing B) tricyclic ingested, smaller amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, normal amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, reuptake triggers more neuronal firing C) tricyclic ingested, less neuronal firing, more norepinephrine and serotonin released, reuptake slows release of norepinephrine and serotonin D) tricyclic ingested, norepinephrine and serotonin blocked, neurons cease firing briefly, neurons begin firing without norepinephrine and serotonin

B) tricyclic ingested, smaller amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, normal amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, reuptake triggers more neuronal firing

186. Researchers were searching for drugs to treat schizophrenia when they came across imipramine, which alleviated the symptoms of depression, although it was not effective against schizophrenia. It became the first of a class of drugs, all sharing a similar molecular structure, called: A) tyramine. B) tricyclics. C) neuroleptics. D) MAO inhibitors.

B) tricyclics.

121. Treatment for suicide attempters: A) appears not to be effective. B) typically involves medical and psychological care. C) is provided in about 90 percent of the cases. D) shows that the cognitive group method is most successful.

B) typically involves medical and psychological care.

44. A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is: A) normal. B) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. C) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a larger-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce an excess of new neurons. D) very unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.

B) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.

109. If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are: A) unusually sad. B) unusually happy. C) moderately happy. D) happy when you know the answers and sad when you don't.

B) unusually happy.

115. The spouse of an elderly individual in the United States has recently died; the individual was experiencing clinical depression before the spouse's death. The suicide risk for this individual is: A) moderately highódeath of a spouse, but not depression, is related to an elevated suicide risk. B) very highóboth death of a spouse and depression are related to an elevated suicide risk. C) moderately highódepression, but not death of a spouse, is related to an elevated suicide risk. D) normalósuicide risk among the elderly is largely independent of these factors.

B) very highóboth death of a spouse and depression are related to an elevated suicide risk.

78. A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the _____ technique A) covert B) virtual reality. C) fear hierarchical flooding D) in vivo

B) virtual reality.

99. People experiencing mania: A) are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors. B) want excitement and companionship. C) enthusiastically long for new friends but ignore old friends. D) enthusiastically look for old friends but ignore new friends.

B) want excitement and companionship.

52. Those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are: A) white American females. B) white American males. C) Hispanic American females. D) Hispanic American males.

B) white American males.

86. One who suffers from dissociative identity disorder is MOST likely to be a: A) man who was physically abused as a child. B) woman who was physically abused as a child. C) man who was not physically abused as a child. D) woman who was not physically abused as a child.

B) woman who was physically abused as a child.

178. If you had high blood pressure, you would want to be especially careful when using: A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. B) tricyclics. C) MAO inhibitors. D) second-generation antidepressants.

C) MAO inhibitors.

12. A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT: A) emotional symptoms. B) motivational symptoms. C) behavioral symptoms. D) cognitive symptoms.

C) behavioral symptoms.

31. Which statement is true for women experiencing postpartum depression regarding psychotherapy for depression? A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within four weeks after the birth of their child. B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well. C) Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful. D) They should avoid antidepressant medications. Such medications work well for unipolar depression but not for postpartum depression.

C) Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.

104. What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)? A) antipsychotic B) antidepressant C) benzodiazepine D) major tranquilizer

C) benzodiazepine

7. Which would be an emotional symptom of depression? A) lack of desire to eat B) a negative view of oneself C) experiences of sadness and anger D) staying in bed for hours during the day

C) experiences of sadness and anger

60. A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanations of depression? A) psychodynamic and cognitive B) cognitive and behavioral C) behavioral and sociocultural D) sociocultural and biological

C) behavioral and sociocultural

48. According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from: A) learned helplessness. B) irrational expectations. C) regression to the oral stage. D) learned anxiety turned inward.

C) regression to the oral stage.

102. Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from: A) projection. B) regression. C) repression. D) sublimation.

C) repression.

56. FranÁoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a: A) cognitive orientation. B) biological orientation. C) behavioral orientation. D) biochemical orientation.

C) behavioral orientation.

57. Which is the MOST likely reason for the relationship between alcohol use and suicide? A) There is a chemical in alcohol that triggers a suicide response in the brain. B) Alcohol is less well metabolized by those who are depressed. C) Alcohol reduces fear of suicide and impairs judgment. D) Pound for pound, women get drunk on less alcohol than do men.

C) Alcohol reduces fear of suicide and impairs judgment.

34. According to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the United States among: A) African Americans. B) Euro-Americans. C) American Indians. D) Asian Americans.

C) American Indians.

35. If you wanted to tailor a suicide prevention program to the racial group MOST at risk, you should target: A) African Americans. B) white Americans. C) American Indians. D) Hispanic Americans.

C) American Indians.

113. Which statement is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? A) Drug treatments are significantly more effective, especially early in the disorder. B) The effectiveness of cognitive treatments is reduced over time. C) Cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as medication, if not more so. D) Neither drug treatments nor cognitive treatments show much promise.

C) Cognitive treatments have proven to be at least as effective as medication, if not more so.

122. What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. B) Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions. D) Obsessions are not related to compulsions.

C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions.

69. Which is an accurate statement about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies)? A) Debriefing helps both rescuers and victims. B) Debriefing by victims is more effective than debriefing by professionals. C) Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse. D) Debriefing is so ineffective that it is no longer done.

C) Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse.

202. _____ is a treatment in which tiny holes are drilled into the skull through which electrodes are implanted into the brain. A) Vagus nerve stimulation B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation C) Deep brain stimulation D) ECT

C) Deep brain stimulation

115. What conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support? A) People with multiple personalities may be faking their condition. B) Dissociative disorders are extremely odd and inexplicable events. C) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia. D) Self-hypnosis relies on different processes and produces different behavioral outcomes.

C) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.

125. Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is accurate? A) Carefully controlled, multiple-participant studies validate the success of this therapy. B) Not even case studies support the effectiveness of this therapy. C) Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression. D) Short-term therapy is less effective than long-term therapy.

C) Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression.

150. A person who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is the BEST advice for this person? A) "Do it! Plastic surgery typically relieves body dysmorphic symptoms." B) "Think about it. Although plastic surgery usually helps, it's pretty expensive." C) "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward." D) "Don't do it! Studies show that almost one-third of people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder later attempt suicide."

C) "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward."

120. "What works best to keep suicidal people from following through?" asks a friend. Which would be the correct answer to this question? A) "There are very good drugs one could use." B) "All therapies are about equally effective." C) "Try cognitive-behavioral therapy." D) "Actually, no therapy works very well."

C) "Try cognitive-behavioral therapy."

38. A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Your response would MOST likely be: A) "Yesóin fact, combat trauma is the leading source of PTSD worldwide." B) "Yesócombat trauma produces as many cases of PTSD worldwide as civilian trauma does." C) "Yesóalthough civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does." D) "Maybeóhowever, many researchers think that combat trauma is significantly overrated as a source of PTSD."

C) "Yesóal though civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

66. "The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" Which is the BEST answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this? A) "That really can't help you. The best thing to do is suppress your fear, control it." B) "Your therapist is suggesting something called 'virtual exposure,' but no one knows if it helps." C) "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'" D) "You should try drug therapy; that usually works, even without additional therapy."

C) "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'"

46. What proportion of women are the victims of rape at some point during their lives? A) 1 in 2 B) 1 in 4 C) 1 in 6 D) 1 in 8

C) 1 in 6

3. About how many unsuccessful suicide attempts occur annually in the United States? A) 30,000 B) 120,000 C) 1 million D) 2 million

C) 1 million

51. Around _____ of all adolescent deaths are the result of suicide. A) 2% B) 5% C) 10% D) 12%

C) 10%

95. Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder in women is about: A) 8, and is lower for men. B) 8, and is higher for men. C) 15, and is lower for men. D) 15, and is higher for men.

C) 15, and is lower for men.

113. Today, "the elderly" make up about 14 percent of the population of the United States. The percentage of suicides committed by the elderly in the United States is: A) 9 percent. B) 13 percent. C) 19 percent. D) 26 percent.

C) 19 percent.

55. Of people who use alcohol just before committing suicide, what percentage are actually intoxicated? A) 10 percent B) 15 percent. C) 25 percent D) 35 percent

C) 25 percent

117. What percentage of people become irritated if they must depart from their routines? A) 20 percent B) 30 percent C) 40 percent D) 50 percent

C) 40 percent

204. At least _____ of manic patients treated with lithium improve. A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 60 percent D) 75 percent

C) 60 percent

102. The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about: A) 40 percent. B) 60 percent. C) 80 percent. D) almost 100 percent.

C) 80 percent.

38. How likely are women to use a gun to commit suicide? A) Less than 5 percent of women who commit suicide use guns. B) About 20 percent of women who commit suicide use guns. C) About 30 percent of women who commit suicide use guns. D) More than two-thirds of women who commit suicide use guns.

C) About 30 percent of women who commit suicide use guns.

36. Assume that a community is made up of almost exactly equal numbers of these four groups: African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, and white Americans, and that everyone is of the same socioeconomic status. How would you expect the percentage of suicides committed by white Americans to compare to the other groups? A) Well below the rates for the other groups B) About the same as the rates for the other groups C) About double the rates for the other groups D) Almost four times the rates for the other groups

C) About double the rates for the other groups

5. All of these statements are reasons that the estimate of the total number of suicides that occur in the United States is likely underrepresented EXCEPT: A) It's hard to know for sure whether a death is a suicide or an unintentional accident. B) Some families don't acknowledge suicide because it is frowned upon by society. C) Parasuicides are often included in the number of suicides. D) It's hard to know whether drug overdoses are accidental or not.

C) Parasuicides are often included in the number of suicides.

18. Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth? A) Pavlov's conditioning theory B) Freud's psychoanalytic theory C) Rogers's client-centered theory D) Ellis's rational-emotive theory

C) Rogers's client-centered theory

73. The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn.

C) Seligman.

103. Which statement provides the most persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder? A) Hardly any case studies support a psychodynamic explanation. B) Repression cannot be used to explain the disorder. C) Some abused children don't develop the disorder. D) Psychodynamic therapists do not even attempt to treat the disorder.

C) Some abused children don't develop the disorder.

93. The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy? A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis. B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis. C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome. D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.

C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.

9. What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders? A) They are disorders of the twentieth century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900. B) They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medicationóantipsychotics. C) They are triggered by traumatic events. D) They are varieties of depression.

C) They are triggered by traumatic events.

14. According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories? A) They employ more lethal means. B) They intend to end their lives with their action. C) They believe death will not end their existence. D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

C) They believe death will not end their existence.

98. Which is an accurate description of the symptoms of mania? A) They are highly correlated with positive life events. B) They are the same as those of depression (e.g., sadness) but accompanied by aggressiveness. C) They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others. D) They very seldom include physical activity, usually including only mental activity.

C) They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others.

180. MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs? A) They stimulate serotonin production. B) They block synapses that release norepinephrine. C) They interfere with the destruction of norepinephrine. D) They raise the levels of monoamine oxidase in the brain.

C) They interfere with the destruction of norepinephrine.

151. Which would a cognitive therapist be LEAST likely to say to you? A) Please prepare a detailed schedule of your activities for the week. B) Write down your automatic thoughts as they occur to you. C) Try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms. D) Let's do a little experiment to test that attitude.

C) Try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms.

122. Which statement is accurate, based on current research? A) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder both have several important factors. B) Unipolar depression has one major factor; bipolar disorder has several important factors. C) Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor. D) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder have one major factor.

C) Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor.

140. Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which statement? A) Therapy is most effective when techniques are used one at a time, in isolation. B) Increasing one's positive activities is more effective than just keeping track of them. C) Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one. D) Behavior therapists usually reject the addition of cognitive techniques to their therapy.

C) Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one.

30. Which statement is NOT true regarding gender and suicide? A) Women attempt suicide more often than men. B) Men tend to use more lethal means to commit suicide than women. C) Women succeed at committing suicide more often than do men. D) Men are more likely to commit suicide when they are elderly than when they are younger.

C) Women succeed at committing suicide more often than do men.

97. Which would you be MOST surprised to learn had committed suicide because his or her action is inconsistent with research results of studies of child suicide? A) a child who had previously run away and tried to take an overdose B) a child who had experienced family stressóloss of a loved one, parental unemployment, abuse C) a child who had no understanding of death D) a child who was especially withdrawn and lonely

C) a child who had no understanding of death

86. After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST likely: A) the man's depression led to the divorce. B) the woman's depression led to the divorce. C) a troubled marriage led to the depression. D) the depression developed after the divorce, due to the stress of starting to date again.

C) a troubled marriage led to the depression.

104. Which has NOT been linked to increased suicide risk among teenagers? A) intense competition for jobs and positions in college B) weakening family ties, and resulting alienation C) access to pro-suicide sites on the Internet D) easy access to drugs and alcohol, and pressure to use those substances

C) access to pro-suicide sites on the Internet

41. Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989ówho wouldn't be? For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): A) panic attack. B) phobic reaction. C) acute stress disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

C) acute stress disorder.

135. Which is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation? A) systematically ignoring the patient's depressive behavior B) asking patients to say whatever comes into their minds C) adding positive activities to the patient's life D) asking family members to help reinforce the patient's positive behavior

C) adding positive activities to the patient's life

52. The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. This therapeutic addition is called: A) conjoint ego analysis. B) sociodynamic training. C) adjunctive psychotherapy. D) chemo-behavioral treatment.

C) adjunctive psychotherapy.

54. A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with: A) panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) agoraphobia and panic disorder. D) agoraphobia.

C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.

97. The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is: A) claustrophobia. B) acrophobia. C) agoraphobia. D) metrophobia.

C) agoraphobia.

119. A visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information is called: A) dÈj‡ vu. B) jamais vu. C) an eidetic image. D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

C) an eidetic image.

182. Which is MOST likely to elevate the mood in a person with depression? A) inhibition of serotonin synthesis B) a decrease in the levels of serotonin C) an increase in the levels of norepinephrine D) blocking synaptic transmission at norepinephrine synapses

C) an increase in the levels of norepinephrine

80. A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls ______ suicide. A) egoistic B) altruistic C) anomic D) intragroup

C) anomic

110. People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call: A) biological challenge. B) behavioral inhibition. C) anxiety sensitivity. D) exposure relapse.

C) anxiety sensitivity.

57. Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are: A) anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them. B) not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them. C) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them. D) not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

C) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

79. Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety? A) unwillingness to eat in front of others B) fear of public speaking C) apprehension about being evaluated by others D) anxiety about walking in front of others

C) apprehension about being evaluated by others

24. Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms: A) respond more fearfully to predictable than to unpredictable events. B) fail to pay attention to threatening cues. C) are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress. D) show little physiological arousal to stress.

C) are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress.

48. To determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, one could: A) show her a snake; if she appears to be very uncomfortable, she most likely has a phobia. B) show her a snake; if she appears to be slightly uncomfortable, she most likely has a fear. C) ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia. D) ask her if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a fear.

C) ask her if her fear of snakes has lasted for six months, if she avoids snakes, and if it interferes with daily living; if she says "yes," she most likely has a phobia.

120. Those who are anxious unless their books are perfectly lined up on their desks and who must eat the food on their plates in a balanced order are exhibiting a ________ compulsion. A) checking B) counting C) balance D) cleaning

C) balance

104. "An abused child's thoughts occasionally drift to other, less anxiety-arousing, topics; this anxiety reduction thus serves to strengthen 'other' thoughts, while weakening the thoughts about abuse." A psychologist with which theoretical background would be most likely to offer this quotation as an explanation for the development of dissociative disorders? A) psychodynamic B) biological C) behavioral D) sociocultural

C) behavioral

130. The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions but not his obsessions. In addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. Most likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy? A) psychodynamic B) psychodynamic, with therapist interpretation C) behavioral D) cognitive

C) behavioral

55. Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? A) biological B) sociocultural C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

C) behavioral

139. Focusing on the addition of positive activities to the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as: A) cognitive-behavioral therapy. B) acceptance and commitment therapy. C) behavioral activation. D) psychodynamic therapy.

C) behavioral activation.

59. A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives? A) psychodynamic and cognitive B) cognitive and behavioral C) behavioral and sociocultural D) sociocultural and biological

C) behavioral and sociocultural

133. "Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a: A) psychodynamic theorist. B) behaviorist. C) cognitive theorist. D) biologist.

C) cognitive theorist.

144. If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using: A) psychodynamic therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) cognitive therapy. D) sociocultural therapy.

C) cognitive therapy.

119. A friend of yours says, "Yes, I support the right of people to commit suicide, especially if they are in a lot of pain, or don't have long to live." In the United States, your friend's opinion is: A) very uncommon; more than 75 percent of all Americans oppose the right to commit suicide under any circumstances. B) somewhat uncommon; slightly less than half of all Americans oppose the right to commit suicide under any circumstances. C) common; around 70 percent of all Americans support the right to commit suicide under those circumstances. D) almost universal; virtually all Americans support the right to commit suicide under those circumstances.

C) common; around 70 percent of all Americans support the right to commit suicide under those circumstances.

58. When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring her. Subsequently, she has been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the ________ after it causes Marianela to become frightened. A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned stimulus.

C) conditioned stimulus.

17. If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called: A) empathy. B) unconditional positive regard. C) conditions of worth. D) moral anxiety.

C) conditions of worth.

79. Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of ______ amnesia. A) localized B) selective C) continuous D) generalized

C) continuous

45. The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in depression is probably: A) wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) correct; lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) wrong; current studies focus on the corpus callosum.

C) correct; lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.

111. Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as _____ disorder. A) hypomanic-depressive B) dysthymic C) cyclothymic D) manic-depressive

C) cyclothymic

112. A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _____ disorder. A) dysthymic B) anhedomic C) cyclothymic D) anxiety

C) cyclothymic

8. According to Shneidman, the critical way in which the death seeker differs from the death darer is: A) death seekers speed along a death sure to occur naturally. B) death seekers are ambivalent about their death. C) death seekers intend to end their lives with their action. D) death seekers believe that death will not end their existence.

C) death seekers intend to end their lives with their action.

27. Which aspect of religion is MOST closely linked to suicide? A) doctrine B) fellowship C) devoutness D) denomination

C) devoutness

101. Which convinces researchers that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder? A) differences in the way the amygdala works in each disorder B) differences in the alarm and escape response in the brain C) differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders D) differences in the heritability of the two disorders

C) differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders

121. A person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though the person had not received any therapy. That person was LEAST likely to have been diagnosed with: A) dissociative identity disorder. B) malingering. C) dissociative amnesia. D) dissociative fugue.

C) dissociative amnesia.

73. Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part? A) mood disorder B) personality disorder C) dissociative disorder D) histrionic personality disorder

C) dissociative disorder

96. An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is: A) dissociative fugue. B) dissociative amnesia. C) dissociative identity. D) Such memories are affected about equally by the dissociative disorders.

C) dissociative identity.

43. Which is NOT a long-term stressor particularly common among those who attempt suicide? A) serious illness B) occupational stress C) divorce D) an abusive environment

C) divorce

137. Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called: A) doubting. B) dumbing down. C) doubling. D) distrusting.

C) doubling.

2. The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is: A) complex, due to conflicting experimental results. B) broad; a number of different therapies work equally well. C) drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy. D) no therapy has been shown to be effective.

C) drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy.

7. A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress. A) physical B) cognitive C) emotional D) developmental

C) emotional

10. The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system. A) nervous B) exocrine C) endocrine D) autonomic

C) endocrine

30. A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to: A) rarely experience it again in subsequent pregnancies. B) exhibit symptoms of hypomania in subsequent pregnancies. C) have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child. D) have approximately a 90 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

C) have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

114. Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT: A) neurotransmitter activity. B) ion activity. C) hormonal functioning. D) genetic factors.

C) hormonal functioning.

24. One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are. B) what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was. C) how long the anxiety symptoms last. D) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms.

C) how long the anxiety symptoms last.

152. Clients who tend to see everything that occurs as either all right or all wrong, with nothing in between, need to focus on which phase of Beck's treatment for depression? A) increasing activities and elevating mood B) challenging automatic thoughts C) identifying negative thinking and biases D) changing primary attitudes

C) identifying negative thinking and biases

15. Miguel lost all of his family when his village was bombed. He threw himself off a cliff to die in order to be reunited with them. Edwin Shneidman would classify Miguel as a death: A) darer. B) seeker. C) ignorer. D) initiator.

C) ignorer.

10. Cecil and Jeanne, teenagers, made a love pact, jumping from a cliff to be with each other for eternity. Cecil and Jeanne are examples of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as death: A) seekers. B) initiators. C) ignorers. D) darers.

C) ignorers.

81. Which is NOT an example of memory recovery techniques used by therapists? A) hypnosis B) journal writing C) imagining the event D) dream interpretation

C) imagining the event

68. Sal is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has him go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.

C) implosive therapy.

117. Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to: A) GABA depletion. B) excessive serotonin. C) improper sodium transport. D) excessive neuronal lithium.

C) improper sodium transport.

164. Terri has withdrawn from most social contacts because she never seems to be able to say the right thing. She just doesn't seem to fit in. Her comments are always misinterpreted. She feels alone and is depressed. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an: A) interpersonal loss. B) interpersonal role transition. C) interpersonal deficit. D) interpersonal role dispute.

C) interpersonal deficit.

165. Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an: A) interpersonal role transition. B) interpersonal loss. C) interpersonal deficit. D) interpersonal role dispute.

C) interpersonal deficit.

159. If your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life and how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone else's, your therapist would be using: A) cognitive therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) interpersonal therapy. D) psychodynamic therapy.

C) interpersonal therapy.

22. Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include: A) interviews with the person who attempted suicide. B) interviews with people who know the person who attempted suicide. C) interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide. D) suicide interventions with people acquainted with the person who committed suicide and who might attempt a "copycat" suicide.

C) interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide.

142. If a person were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, that person could expect that: A) it wouldn't be very effective. B) it would lead to immediate and long-lasting relief of symptoms. C) it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the medication. D) adding cognitive therapies would help relieve symptoms in the short term but not in the long term.

C) it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the medication.

94. A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is: A) artifact theory. B) hormone theory. C) lack-of-control theory. D) cognitive triad theory.

C) lack-of-control theory.

76. A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there, she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior? A) automatic negative thoughts B) faulty cognitive triad C) learned helplessness D) arbitrary attribution

C) learned helplessness

89. Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the: A) self-blame theory. B) artifact theory. C) life-stress theory. D) lack-of-control theory.

C) life-stress theory.

148. The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression: A) requires the use of antidepressant medication to be effective. B) is the phase most related to cognitions. C) makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive. D) deals with the problem of dichotomous thinking.

C) makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive.

123. Suicide prevention centers: A) are run on the AA model, using suicide survivors. B) are hospitals for those who have attempted suicide. C) may deliver services over the phone using paraprofessionals. D) are declining in number in the United States.

C) may deliver services over the phone using paraprofessionals.

21. The behavior of those who engage in self-injurious behavior such as cutting: A) fits into the criteria for suicide behavior disorder. B) represents a clear effort to end one's life. C) may represent an unconscious attempt at suicide. D) is relatively uncommon and declining in frequency.

C) may represent an unconscious attempt at suicide.

174. One of the side effects of ECT is: A) mania. B) psychosis. C) memory loss. D) intensification of the depression.

C) memory loss.

106. The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A) have relatives who are atypically anxious. B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C) misinterpret bodily sensations. D) experience more stress than average.

C) misinterpret bodily sensations.

59. "Experiences of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear." The person who believes this espouses the _____ explanation of the development of phobias. A) empirical B) evolutionary C) modeling D) ecological

C) modeling

90. A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist NOT use? A) role play B) feedback C) modeling D) reinforcement

C) modeling

60. It is common that the majority of people who commit suicidal acts also have another psychological disorder. Which would be the MOST common disorder associated with suicidal attempts? A) eating disorders B) dissociative disorders C) mood disorders D) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

C) mood disorders

13. According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop: A) realistic anxiety. B) neurotic anxiety. C) moral anxiety. D) existential anxiety.

C) moral anxiety.

108. People with panic disorder experience body sensations: A) similar to those without panic disorder. B) that are different from those without panic disorder. C) more intensely than those without panic disorder. D) that do not occur at all in those without panic disorder.

C) more intensely than those without panic disorder.

101. A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. In addition, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and gives away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily: A) emotional and cognitive. B) physical and cognitive. C) motivational and behavioral. D) motivational and emotional.

C) motivational and behavioral.

20. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display: A) repeated episodes. B) fluctuation in mood during the year. C) motor immobility or excessive activity. D) onset within four weeks of giving birth.

C) motor immobility or excessive activity.

134. According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to: A) reinforce. B) increase. C) neutralize. D) clarify.

C) neutralize.

118. Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting: A) a compulsion. B) obsessive ideas. C) obsessive doubts. D) obsessive images.

C) obsessive doubts.

148. A professor's office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on the desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor where there is only a narrow pathway to walk. If the professor is experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in which category? A) social anxiety disorders B) panic disorders C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders D) specific phobias

C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

93. Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a: A) coconscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

C) one-way amnesic relationship.

26. Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) persistent D) melancholic

C) persistent

27. Since immediately after the birth of her son, Maria has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) postpartum D) melancholic

C) postpartum

77. "You must redirect your Thanatos" is a remark MOST likely made by a therapist with what theoretical point of view? A) sociocultural B) biological C) psychodynamic D) cognitive-behavioral

C) psychodynamic

173. Which patient group was the first treated with ECT? A) manic patients B) phobic patients C) psychotic patients D) hysterical patients

C) psychotic patients

29. If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge his faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using: A) cognitive-existential therapy. B) client-centered therapy. C) rational-emotive therapy. D) interpersonal-physiotherapy.

C) rational-emotive therapy.

133. Depersonalization _____, while derealization _____. A) is an anxiety disorder; is a thought disorder B) is induced by street drugs; is naturally occurring C) refers to oneself; refers to the external world D) involves multiple personalities; involves only one personality

C) refers to oneself; refers to the external world

132. Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A) changes behavior in the clinic but doesn't carry over to home and the workplace. B) works only in about 25 percent of those who are treated with it. C) shows improvement that often continues indefinitely. D) is only effective in a group setting.

C) shows improvement that often continues indefinitely.

78. Emile Durkheim's theory of suicide fits into the ______ model. A) cognitive B) biological C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic

C) sociocultural

8. "Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic

C) sociocultural

83. One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation? A) behavioral B) cognitive C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic

C) sociocultural

63. Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of: A) response discrimination. B) modeling. C) stimulus generalization. D) vicarious reinforcement.

C) stimulus generalization.

2. A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) stress model.

C) stress response.

5. The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one person's: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) somatization.

C) stress response.

37. If a study showed that both monozygotic twins had about a 45 percent chance of having unipolar depression when one twin had unipolar depression, this would provide: A) very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression. B) moderate support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression. C) strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression. D) near-certain support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

C) strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

136. Suicide education programs typically focus on: A) those who have previously attempted suicide. B) clergy who are often contacted by suicidal people. C) students and teachers. D) high-risk people who call hotlines.

C) students and teachers.

114. What characteristic is MOST common to both self-hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder? A) the inability to forget B) the awareness that something has been forgotten C) the ability to escape threatening events D) the awareness to know why you forget

C) the ability to escape threatening events

210. You would expect to see the biggest impact of lithium on which part of the neuron? A) the gap between neurons B) the firing of the sending neuron C) the firing of the receiving neuron D) the reception of the neurotransmitter by the receiving neuron

C) the firing of the receiving neuron

6. In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is: A) the same as it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women. B) lower than it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women. C) the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women. D) lower than it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

C) the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

61. Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines quit, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, although she was severely injured. She landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was: A) her personality. B) her social support. C) the severity of the trauma. D) the nature of her childhood experiences.

C) the severity of the trauma.

117. Why might the suicide rate among elderly American Indians be low? A) religious fervor B) overcoming the rage of youth C) the value the culture places on the elderly D) This group overall has a very low suicide rate compared to whites.

C) the value the culture places on the elderly

71. What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression? A) psychodynamic theory and object relations theory B) object relations theory and theory of negative thinking C) theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness D) theory of learned helplessness and object relations theory

C) theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness

34. People with low incomes are _____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders. A) just B) twice C) three times D) four times

C) three times

127. What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression? A) repression of feelings of inadequacy B) a biological imbalance in neurotransmitters C) unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss D) projection of internal anxiety onto a loved object

C) unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss

84. Which is NOT a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists? A) repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred B) people thinking they have social flaws, which leads to anxiety C) underestimating how badly a social event went D) overestimating how badly things might go during a social event

C) underestimating how badly a social event went

183. How do monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors work? A) They increase the levels of reserpine in the blood. B) They decrease supplies of serotonin in neurons. C) They decrease supplies of dopamine in neurons. D) They increase supplies of norepinephrine in neurons.

D) They increase supplies of norepinephrine in neurons.

125. At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Can you tell me what you think are the most important factors that are making you feel hopeless right now? If you could change three things about your life, what would they be?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) understanding and clarifying the problem D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

C) understanding and clarifying the problem

199. Among the biological treatments for depression, the one that uses an implanted pulse generator is: A) ECT. B) deep brain stimulation. C) vagus nerve stimulation. D) TMS.

C) vagus nerve stimulation.

115. When would religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) be considered compulsive behaviors? A) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension B) when done more than once a day C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress D) never

C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress

10. One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain: A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines. B) the relationship between race, poverty, and job opportunity. C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety. D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.

C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn't

25. A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called: A) hysteria. B) acute stress disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

74. Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from: A) the loss of a loved one, real or symbolic. B) negative thinking and maladaptive thoughts. C) a decrease in the number of positive reinforcements. D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.

D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.

131. An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of previous life events and has a strong sense of self. The MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is: A) dissociative amnesia. B) multiple identity disorder. C) dissociative fugue. D) depersonalization disorder.

D) depersonalization disorder.

138. When a person feels that the external world is removed, mechanical, distorted, or even dead, he or she is experiencing: A) doubling. B) depersonalization. C) dissociative amnesia. D) derealization.

D) derealization.

97. A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it is like: A) a roller coasteróup and down, up and down. B) a meteoriteóa sudden burst of energy that is quickly gone. C) a power plant's outputósteady, regular energy being produced. D) a flash floodóspreading out wherever there is room for it to go.

D) a flash floodóspreading out wherever there is room for it to go.

181. What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common? A) They are used primarily to treat those with mild forms of depression. B) Despite early promise, they have proven not to be effective treatments for depression. C) They are usually tried before medications to prevent medication-induced side effects. D) They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

D) They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

29. Which individual has two positive risk factors for coterm-529mmitting suicide? A) a devout woman B) a married man C) a divorced woman D) a man who is an atheist

D) a man who is an atheist

55. What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD? A) The tendency to develop PTSD cannot be passed on from one generation to the next. B) The tendency to develop PTSD is a characteristics located on the Y chromosome. C) Both men and women appear to be able to pass on their tendency to develop PTSD. D) Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

D) Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

91. Who is the one MOST likely to commit suicide? A) a 10-year-old with high serotonin activity B) a 10-year-old with low serotonin activity C) a 40-year-old with high serotonin activity D) a 40-year-old with low serotonin activity

D) a 40-year-old with low serotonin activity

9. Ambivalent about dying, Jay repeatedly played a dangerous game involving gas and a cigarette lighter. Jay is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a death: A) seeker. B) initiator. C) ignorer. D) darer.

D) darer.

161. A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of interpersonal: A) loss. B) role dispute. C) role transition. D) deficits.

D) deficits.

105. Which statement about the use of antidepressants to treat panic disorders is MOST accurate? A) Antianxiety drugs are preferred over antidepressants. B) The drugs must be taken "as needed" rather than on a regular schedule. C) The drugs are effective for only about 25 percent of the people who take them. D) It appears that all antidepressant drugs that restore norepinephrine help prevent or reduce panic symptoms.

D) It appears that all antidepressant drugs that restore norepinephrine help prevent or reduce panic symptoms.

207. Which statement about lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder is NOT true? A) It is highly effective at eliminating manic symptoms. B) It alleviates depressive symptoms, though to a lesser degree. C) It appears to help prevent relapse. D) It interferes with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications.

D) It interferes with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications.

166. Which statement is true about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression? A) It is less effective than placebo treatments. B) The research has not provided consistent results on this issue. C) It is more effective in group than in individual therapy sessions. D) It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.

D) It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.

145. Which statement is true about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression? A) It is less effective than placebo treatments. B) The research has not provided consistent results on this issue. C) It is more effective in group than in individual therapy sessions. D) It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of the cases.

D) It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of the cases.

108. Which of the following adolescents is at the highest risk of suicide? A) Sean, an African American male B) Martha, a Hispanic American female C) Brenda, a white American female D) Jason, a while American male

D) Jason, a while American male

71. Media coverage that included the "Don't do it" message, phone numbers for suicide prevention centers, and interviews with suicide experts, occurred after the suicide of: A) Marilyn Monroe. B) members of the Jonestown community. C) James Dean. D) Kurt Cobain.

D) Kurt Cobain.

112. The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is: A) children. B) adolescents. C) young adults. D) the elderly.

D) the elderly.

87. Which statement is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression? A) Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. B) Men have less frequent bouts of depression. C) Women have longer-lasting bouts of depression. D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

105. Which statement is true? A) More teenagers than people at any other age group commit suicide. B) Suicide is the leading cause of death among teenagers. C) African American teenage boys commit suicide at a higher rate than European American boys. D) More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.

D) More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.

149. Which statement is NOT usually true of those with body dysmorphic disorder? A) They are concerned about a particular part of their body. B) They reduce contacts with others. C) About half seek surgical or dermatological treatments. D) Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered "normal" for a teenager.

D) Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered "normal" for a teenager.

195. Compared to earlier antidepressant drugs, "second-generation" antidepressant drugs: A) work faster and more effectively. B) work faster, but not more effectively. C) do not work faster, but do work more effectively. D) do not work either faster or more effectively.

D) do not work either faster or more effectively.

56. Which is NOT true about alcohol use and suicide? A) Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. B) About one-fourth of people who drink before committing suicide are legally drunk. C) Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers fears of committing suicide. D) Most people who commit suicide did not consume alcohol before the act.

D) Most people who commit suicide did not consume alcohol before the act.

123. What effect has the use of sodium amobarbital had in treating dissociative amnesia and fugue? A) Most clients recall past events easily with drugs. B) Recall is often limited to the session itself. C) The patient's recollection doesn't begin until long after the session. D) Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others.

D) Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others.

185. Corrina took an antidepressant and then ate a meal. Shortly thereafter her blood pressure skyrocketed and she felt faint. Which statement is MOST likely to be true? A) She took an overdose. B) She took a tricyclic antidepressant. C) She did not need the antidepressant. D) She ate something containing tyramine.

D) She ate something containing tyramine.

47. Which statement accurately reflects current research findings? A) Dysregulated immune systems produce stress, which may then produce unipolar depression. B) Unipolar depression produces stress, which produces dysregulated immune systems. C) Unipolar depression and stress both produce dysregulated immune systems. D) Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.

D) Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.

140. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are legal in all of the following states EXCEPT: A) Oregon. B) Montana. C) New Mexico. D) Texas.

D) Texas.

88. A person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching." What MOST likely has happened? A) The host personality has put in a relatively rare appearance. B) The person has faked a change in personality. C) Two subpersonalities rapidly changed back and forth several times. D) The person has changed from one personality to another.

D) The person has changed from one personality to another.

13. What is the critical way in which death initiators differ from other categories, according to Edwin Shneidman? A) They employ more lethal means. B) They do not intend to end their lives with their action. C) They believe that death will not end their existence. D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

D) They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

108. A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders? A) "Avoid mood disorders; highly creative people have a lower than average incidence of them." B) "Severe mania is related to long periods of high creativity." C) "If you develop a mood disorder, don't get treated, or you'll lose your creative spark." D) "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

D) "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

88. A person asks, "What's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" The BEST research-based answer is: A) "Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster, and for at least as long, as the best psychotherapy." B) "Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy." C) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long, as the best drug therapy." D) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer, than the best drug therapy."

D) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer, than the best drug therapy."

120. Which risk percentage pattern BEST supports the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorderó(1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder? A) 10 percent, 10 percent, 10 percent B) 40 percent, 10 percent, 1 percent C) 40 percent, 40 percent, 40 percent D) 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

D) 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

2. About how many deaths occur by suicide each year around the world? A) 10,000 B) 30,000 C) 500,000 D) 1,000,000

D) 1,000,000

118. More than _____ of every 100,000 American Indian teenagers commit suicide each year. A) 2 B) 5 C) 10 D) 15

D) 15

54. About what percentage of people who commit suicide use alcohol just before the act? A) 10 percent B) 20 percent C) 35 percent D) 70 percent

D) 70 percent

47. What percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum et al.'s (1992) study? A) 12 percent B) 43 percent C) 76 percent D) 94 percent

D) 94 percent

5. Which is the BEST example of adjunctive therapy? A) A patient is taking a mood stabilizer along with an SSRI. B) The child of someone with unipolar depression is given a vaccine against depression (if such a vaccine existed). C) Both members of a couple are being treated for depression. D) A patient is receiving both drug therapy and interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

D) A patient is receiving both drug therapy and interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

50. What is the primary difference between a common fear and a phobia? A) A fear more dramatically interferes with one's life. B) A phobia is less intense. C) A fear lasts longer. D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.

D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.

190. "Second-generation" antidepressant medications include: A) Selegiline and Nardil. B) Imipramine and Elavil. C) Anafranil and Eldepryl. D) Cymbalta and Prozac.

D) Cymbalta and Prozac.

52. Which is the BEST example of dichotomous thinking? A) One person might be stressed by an event that wouldn't bother another person. B) You have your opinion about suicide and I have mine. C) There are lots of factors that put someone at risk for suicide, not just one. D) I must either love you or hate you.

D) I must either love you or hate you.

96. Compared to African Americans, white Americans are: A) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes. B) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and less likely to have recurrent episodes. C) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes. D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.

D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.

21. A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing: A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) pretraumatic stress disorder. C) combat fatigue. D) acute stress disorder.

D) acute stress disorder.

22. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display: A) repeated episodes. B) fluctuation in mood during the year. C) motor immobility or excessive activity. D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

83. According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people who give up their lives so another person they love may live would be classified as ______ suicides. A) anomic B) egoistic C) imitative D) altruistic

D) altruistic

84. Carlos died by intentionally stepping in front of a bullet that was intended for another young man, for whom Carlos, as head of a platoon of soldiers in the Persian Gulf War, was responsible. Emile Durkheim would call this an example of ______ suicide. A) anomic B) egoistic C) imitative D) altruistic

D) altruistic

111. Luis and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Luis's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of: A) fear. B) anxiety. C) obsessive imagery. D) anxiety sensitivity.

D) anxiety sensitivity.

37. In a community made up of equal numbers of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans, all of about the same socioeconomic status, someone has just committed suicide. MOST likely that person is: A) African American. B) Asian American. C) Hispanic American. D) any of these ethnicities ñ they all are equally likely to commit suicide..

D) any of these

74. The leading theories designed to explain suicide: A) are supported by a significant body of research. B) address the full range of suicide acts. C) satisfactorily explain suicidal behavior in the elderly but not the young. D) are not supported by a significant body of research.

D) are not supported by a significant body of research.

129. At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Who can you think of who might be able to come over and stay with you for a few hours?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does the quote best represent? A) assessing suicide potential B) understanding and clarifying the problem C) establishing a positive relationship D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

D) assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources

14. A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from _____ symptoms. A) emotional B) cognitive C) motivational D) behavioral

D) behavioral

136. Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A) have a lower rate of depression. B) have lower standards of conduct and morality. C) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything. D) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

D) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

41. Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA? A) antidepressants B) antipsychotics C) beta blockers D) benzodiazepines

D) benzodiazepines

47. According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is: A) the best treatment available. B) simply not effective. C) better than similar treatments such as meditation. D) better than nothing and about as effective as meditation.

D) better than nothing and about as effective as meditation.

107. Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave a study participant a drug that caused that person to hyperventilate and the person's heart to beat rapidly. The participant would have been given a(n): A) in vivo test. B) modeling test. C) covert sensitization test. D) biological challenge test.

D) biological challenge test.

189. Apparently tricyclics work by: A) blocking the production of norepinephrine and serotonin. B) blocking the reuptake of the tricyclic by the neurotransmitter. C) blocking the ingestion of the tricyclic. D) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

D) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

27. In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: A) only metacognitive theory. B) only intolerance of uncertainty theory. C) neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory. D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.

D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.

171. If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n): A) reuptake of serotonin. B) insulin-induced coma. C) increase in energy and creativity. D) brain seizure.

D) brain seizure.

82. Someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an Attributional Style Questionnaire, which is designed to measure the therapy's effectiveness. The theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely: A) psychodynamic. B) behavioral. C) sociocultural. D) cognitive.

D) cognitive.

169. If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using: A) cognitive therapy. B) cognitive-behavioral therapy. C) interpersonal therapy. D) couple therapy.

D) couple therapy.

32. Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.

D) endogenous depression.

34. Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, she feels terrible, and she feels like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be: A) manic depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.

D) endogenous depression.

124. At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "Hello. I am interested in you as a person and am going to stay on the phone with you as long as you want, all night maybe." Which goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this statement represent? A) formulating a plan B) assessing suicide potential C) understanding and clarifying the problem D) establishing a positive relationship

D) establishing a positive relationship

29. A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

D) experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

79. Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of: A) internal, global, and stable attribution. B) external, global, and stable attribution. C) internal, specific, and stable attribution. D) external, specific, and unstable attribution.

D) external, specific, and unstable attribution.

90. If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight, that finding would provide strong evidence: A) against the hormone explanation. B) for the hormone explanation. C) against the body dissatisfaction explanation. D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

23. Retrospective analysis involves: A) interviewing those thought to be at high risk for suicide. B) developing a suicide profile, especially for mental patients and prisoners. C) studying people who survive suicide attempts. D) gathering information about a suicide victim's past.

D) gathering information about a suicide victim's past.

78. Gwendolyn is held up at knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. Eventually, her son is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of ______ amnesia. A) selective B) localized C) continuous D) generalized

D) generalized

38. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to be involved in reducing the excitability of neurons in the brain, has been implicated in the etiology of: A) schizophrenia. B) panic disorder. C) conversion disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

D) generalized anxiety disorder.

16. "Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by: A) behaviorists. B) cognitive theorists. C) sociocultural theorists. D) humanistic theorists.

D) humanistic theorists.

71. A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention to confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique. A) covert B) modeling C) fear hierarchical D) in vivo

D) in vivo

39. GABA is related to: A) increased neuronal firing in the brain. B) doubling neuronal firing. C) intensifying the strength of neuronal firing. D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.

D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.

12. Ernest Hemingway was a physically strong, proud man who developed great concerns about his failing body. Depressed about his progressive illness, he intentionally ended his life. Edwin Shneidman would term Hemingway a death: A) darer. B) seeker. C) ignorer. D) initiator.

D) initiator.

11. According to Edwin Shneidman, people who commit suicide with clarity and commitment, yet who believe that they are simply facilitating a process that is already under way, are called death: A) darers. B) seekers. C) ignorers. D) initiators.

D) initiators.

170. If you are receiving therapy designed to teach you and your spouse specific communication and problem-solving skills, your therapist is practicing: A) post-marital instructional therapy. B) psychosocial therapy. C) social role transition therapy. D) integrative behavioral couples therapy.

D) integrative behavioral couples therapy.

45. Which BEST represents the concept of "psychache"? A) uncertainty about what one should do for a career B) an unusual combination of depression and anxiety C) cognitive impairment similar to what is found in dementia D) intolerable emotional pain

D) intolerable emotional pain

22. Posttraumatic stress disorder: A) begins immediately after the stress occurs. B) lasts between one and three weeks. C) doesn't begin until years after the traumatic event. D) lasts longer than a month.

D) lasts longer than a month.

109. "Cluster suicides" may involve high suicide rates among those teenagers: A) visiting pro-suicide sites on the Internet. B) who have a particular recessive gene combination. C) who gather on high-stress occasions, such as funerals or court trials. D) living on certain American Indian reservations.

D) living on certain American Indian reservations.

76. After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia? A) continuous B) selective C) posttraumatic D) localized

D) localized

54. An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A) learned helplessness. B) object relations loss. C) sociocultural changes. D) loss of positive social rewards.

D) loss of positive social rewards.

18. A teammate of a basketball player says, "Congratulations on making those game-winning free throws. Weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket?" The basketball player replies, "Thanks. I felt a little nervous, but to tell the truth, I didn't even notice the fans." MOST likely, the player who made the foul shots has: A) high state and trait anxiety. B) low trait anxiety, but high state anxiety. C) high trait anxiety, but low state anxiety. D) low state and trait anxiety.

D) low state and trait anxiety.

23. All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. This has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

D) melancholic

126. The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to: A) have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning. B) have the "other" subpersonalities become subject to the subpersonality that has the "protector" role. C) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities. D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity.

D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity.

128. A client receiving treatment for identity disorder is progressing well through therapy; then, fusion occurs. MOST likely, the client has: A) experienced a significant, but short-term, setback. B) experienced a significant, and long-term, setback. C) merged the first two or more subpersonalities. D) merged the final two or more subpersonalities.

D) merged the final two or more subpersonalities.

11. The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one's spouse would be considered a(n) _____ symptom A) cognitive B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational

D) motivational

89. Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a: A) coconscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

D) mutually amnesic relationship.

113. If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on: A) learned helplessness. B) the "cognitive triad." C) parentñchild patterns of interaction. D) neurotransmitters in the brain.

D) neurotransmitters in the brain.

52. A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. MOST likely, that person is experiencing: A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) the fight-or-flight syndrome. C) severe stress response. D) no stress disorder.

D) no stress disorder.

100. Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. The disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.

D) norepinephrine.

51. Investigators have shown that traumatic events are related to abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) serotonin. C) epinephrine. D) norepinephrine.

D) norepinephrine.

3. Which is an anxiety disorder? A) schizophrenia B) bipolar disorder C) major depression D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

123. A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. He thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. He is sure this underlying conflict explains his client's: A) fugue state. B) schizophrenia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

144. A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called: A) body dysmorphic disorders. B) panic disorders. C) social anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.

D) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.

14. Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy? A) somatic nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

D) parasympathetic nervous system

70. As a political protest, two activists leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. Those MOST at risk for modeling these suicides are: A) people with similar political points of view. B) people with the opposite political point of view. C) people in an unstable relationship with a significant other. D) people with a history of emotional problems.

D) people with a history of emotional problems.

8. A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress. A) emotional B) cognitive C) developmental D) physical

D) physical

136. Behaviorists would be MOST likely to say that people with depressions must improve their social skills because: A) the performance of socially unacceptable behavior is irrational. B) it is important to reinforce the client's depressive behavior. C) people with depression may be experiencing interpersonal role transition. D) positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior.

D) positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior.

28. A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than six months. The woman is experiencing: A) peripartum "baby blues." B) postpartum psychosis. C) peripartum hormone dysregulation syndrome. D) postpartum depression.

D) postpartum depression.

19. Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder? A) catatonic B) seasonal C) melancholic D) posttraumatic

D) posttraumatic

40. Dorian was only 10 miles away from Mount St. Helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n): A) phobia. B) acute stress disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

42. Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the night she was attacked out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n): A) phobia. B) panic reaction. C) acute stress reaction. D) posttraumatic stress reaction.

D) posttraumatic stress reaction.

58. The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in: A) well-to-do families and had parents who divorced when the people were in their teens. B) well-to-do families and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old. C) poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were in their teens. D) poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old.

D) poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old.

66. Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A) modeling. B) stimulus generalization. C) conditioning. D) preparedness.

D) preparedness.

51. In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective? A) cognitive B) humanistic C) existential D) psychodynamic

D) psychodynamic

75. The explanation of suicide as due to loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression is consistent with which theoretical perspective? A) cognitive B) humanist C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

D) psychodynamic

129. Free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by: A) interpersonal therapists. B) cognitive therapists. C) couples therapists. D) psychodynamic therapists.

D) psychodynamic therapists.

89. If a biological explanation for suicide is valid, then which activity ought to lower the possibility of a person attempting suicide? A) removing the person from contact with a suicidal biological parent B) removing the person from contact with a suicidal adoptive parent C) gene-splicing to remove the "suicide" gene D) raising the person's serotonin level

D) raising the person's serotonin level

133. Behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include: A) changing irrational thoughts. B) altering interpersonal deficits. C) uncovering conflicts over loss. D) reinforcing nondepressed behavior.

D) reinforcing nondepressed behavior.

47. An increase in which emotion is MOST often linked to suicide? A) guilt B) anger C) anxiety D) sadness

D) sadness

109. A talented artist is experiencing severe bipolar disorder. In terms of artistic output only, the BEST thing that artist could do is: A) decline all treatment: severe psychological disturbance is related to better artistic output. B) decline all treatment: one might lose one's creativity if there were less psychological disturbance. C) seek treatment but only for the depression: mania is essential to better artistic output. D) seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output.

D) seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output.

40. Which is NOT an example of immediate stress? A) loss of a loved one through death B) natural disaster C) loss of a job D) serious illness

D) serious illness

82. Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The MOST accurate diagnosis would be: A) agoraphobia. B) specific phobia. C) panic disorder. D) social anxiety disorder.

D) social anxiety disorder.

95. Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world? A) biochemical B) cognitive C) psychoanalytic D) sociocultural

D) sociocultural

84. The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a: A) psychodynamic clinician. B) behavioral clinician. C) cognitive clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

D) sociocultural clinician.

137. The MOST helpful explanation for suicide, particularly regarding the general background factors and triggers of suicides, come from the: A) psychodynamic model. B) behavioral model. C) cognitive model. D) sociocultural model.

D) sociocultural model.

138. The MOST well-developed understanding of the causes of suicide come from the: A) biological model. B) psychoanalytic model. C) behavioral model. D) sociocultural model.

D) sociocultural model.

13. Which is a behavioral symptom of depression? A) lack of desire to eat B) a negative view of oneself C) experiences of sadness and anger D) staying in bed for hours during the day

D) staying in bed for hours during the day

102. According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: A) distractibility. B) inflated self-esteem. C) decreased need for sleep. D) suicidal ideation.

D) suicidal ideation.

87. A client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced: A) host transfer. B) mutual cognizance. C) lability. D) switching.

D) switching.

70. All of Beck's cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support EXCEPT: A) the cognitive triad. B) automatic thoughts. C) maladaptive attitudes. D) symbolic loss.

D) symbolic loss.

12. If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) cortisol system C) conservation system D) sympathetic nervous system

D) sympathetic nervous system

10. A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is: A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid-40s. B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid-40s. C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid- to late 20s. D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s.

D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s.

129. At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is: A) typical. B) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease before integration. C) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease after integration. D) very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

D) very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

25. Which is an example of a meta-worry? A) worry about all possible signs of danger B) worry about not worrying enough C) thinking about worrying D) worrying about worrying

D) worrying about worrying

133. A typical caller to an urban suicide prevention center is: A) elderly, male, white. B) elderly, female, white. C) young, male, African American. D) young, female, African American.

D) young, female, African American.

71. If you had lost your sense of identity, what would MOST likely be disrupted? A) your relationships B) your intellectual functioning C) your attitudes toward your body D) your memory

D) your memory