Chapter 5 6 7

Sally's weight has tripled since she was born. This gain is typical of a child who is:

1 year old.

With respect to the development of attachment, adolescence is a time of:

new attachment figures.

Which choice BEST expresses the prevalence of co-sleeping in the United States and Canada?

10 to 15 percent

How many hours does the average newborn sleep per day?

15 to 17

At what age do most children reach approximately 50 percent of their adult height?

2 years old

Sarah weighed 7 pounds at birth and now weighs 28 pounds. She is MOST likely:

2 years old.

Tom is a 1-year-old boy who weighed 8 pounds at birth. He is now MOST likely to weigh about _____ pounds.

24

Baby Andre sleeps 13 1/4 hours per day. Based on information provided in the textbook, Andre is probably _____ months old.

4

Toby is 2 years old. This means that he is probably _____ times heavier than he was at birth.

4

By 24 months, most children have reached about ____ percent of their adult height.

50

Evidence that biological growth is the foundation for cognitive and social maturity comes from the fact that although 2-year-olds can barely talk and are totally dependent on adults, they have already reached half of their adult height and _____ percent of their adult brain size.

75

Baby Oliver dislikes changes or disruptions and seems reserved. His temperament has been described as "slow-to-warm-up." There is a fair chance that Oliver will develop a type _____ attachment style.

A

Carrie is an infant who is neglected by her parents. She is MORE likely to display type _____ attachment than if she were not neglected.

A

Overbearing or dominating parents are associated with type _____ attachment.

A

Paternal alcoholism is to maternal alcoholism as type _____ attachment is to type _____ attachment.

A; D

Ana sleeps 12 1/4 hours per day. Darius sleeps 14 1/4 hours per day. Which statement is MOST accurate based on information provided in the textbook?

Ana is at least 6 months old.

Baby Octavia's mother suffers from major depression. Octavia is MORE likely to display type _____ attachment than if her mother were NOT depressed.

C

Danny is an infant who is abused by his parents. He is MORE likely to display type _____ attachment than if he were not abused.

C or D

Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to international differences in the prevalence of co-sleeping?

Co-sleeping is less common in individualistic than in collectivist nations.

Baby Kelly's mother suffers from paranoid schizophrenia. Kelly is MORE likely to display type _____ attachment than if her mother were NOT paranoid.

D

Heather's mother is an alcoholic. Mimi's mother suffers from depression. Which child is at an increased risk of type D attachment?

Heather, but not Mimi

The prevalence of co-sleeping exceeds 50 percent in:

Japan

_____ syndrome may result in brain damage or even the death of an infant.

Shaken baby

Melissa and Cory are expecting their new baby in two months. They are trying to decide whether the baby should sleep in their bed or in a crib. Which is a NOT a reason for practicing bed-sharing?

There is an increased chance of sudden infant death.

Which scenario BEST portrays a secure attachment?

a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver

Brandi wants to measure attachment via the Strange Situation laboratory procedure, but there are simply too many children involved in the study. Instead, she decides to use _____ and to interview parents.

a survey

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is of:

above average height.

Researchers have found that individuals with antisocial personality disorder do not show the same fear or anxiety responses that people without the disorder might. Accordingly, brain imaging work shows that one limbic system structure—namely, the _____—is smaller among people with antisocial personality disorder than among other people.

amygdala

A lasting emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver is called:

attachment

Beatrice has always had synchrony with her baby daughter, Ekaterina. Ekaterina, who is now 2-years-old, is walking and talking and has developed more of a social bond with her mother. This bond is referred to as:

attachment.

The practice of infants sleeping in the same bed as their parents is called _____.

bed sharing

Linda and Gary, having returned home with their week-old child after a difficult birth, feel they cannot separate from their baby at night. Consequently, they allow the baby to sleep with them. This practice is called:

bed-sharing.

The practice of infants sleeping alongside their parents is called:

bed-sharing.

Which is NOT an experience-dependent event?

communication

Two-year-old Tracy tightly holds her mother's hand as they walk through a crowded shopping mall. Once at the toy store, her mother may allow her to explore, but Tracy will look back at her mother to be certain she is still close by. These behaviors are examples of _____ behavior.

contact-maintaining

The primary stress hormone, _____, is produced in the brain by the _____.

cortisol; hypothalamus

Lindsay has been described as a "difficult" baby. Lianne's temperament, by contrast, is slow-to-warm-up. Which infant is MORE likely to show type D attachment than if she were an easy baby?

neither Lindsay nor Lianne

Using the still-face technique, the majority of 4-month-old infants are classified as:

disengaged

Which attachment pattern involves infants who freeze in place, scream, or hit themselves?

disorganized

Zabrina's babysitter, Kara, is holding her. Zabrina is smiling at Kara one minute and then, unexpectedly, Zabrina slaps Kara's face. This is typical behavior for Zabrina. Therefore, she may have a _____ attachment with Kara.

disorganized

Jack is attempting to replicate an experiment in which some baby mice were licked and nuzzled by their mothers constantly and some were neglected. Jack noted that when a mother mouse licks her newborn babies, that action reduced methylation of a gene, allowing increased serotonin to be released by the hypothalamus. The serotonin not only increased momentary pleasure but also started a chain of epigenetic responses that reduced stress hormones from many parts of the brain and body. Jack's subsequent experiments with the mice seem to indicate that the effects were lifelong. Jack's experiment seems to imply that:

every experience that a person has, especially in the early days and months, affects brain pattern.

Co-sleeping is a(n) _____ event.

experience-dependent

Jason and Pierre have grown up together in Paris, France. Jason speaks French and English at home, while Pierre's sole language is French. Their language skills are an example of _____ brain function.

experience-dependent

Ramon and Eric have grown up together in Texas. Ramon speaks Spanish and English at home, while Eric's sole language is English. Their language skills are an example of a(n) _____ brain function.

experience-dependent

The development of language skills is a(n) _____ brain function.

experience-expectant

Thomas and Richard are both English-speaking men but are from geographically distant regions. Thomas was brought up in Brisbane, Australia, and Richard in Indianapolis, Indiana. They both speak the same language but differ extensively in their accent, vocabulary, and inflection. Despite their cultural differences, they both developed language skills because language is _____.

experience-expectant

Two English-speaking men are from geographically distant regions. One was brought up in Manchester, England, and the other in Dallas, Texas. They both speak the same language but differ extensively in their accent, vocabulary, and inflection. Despite their cultural differences, both men developed language skills because language is:

experience-expectant.

An infant's weight usually doubles between birth and about the _____ month.

fourth

Infants respond to human faces and other visual stimuli because the _____ area is active at a young age.

fusiform face

At 12 months of age, Toni was malnourished. Her body stopped growing, but her brain did not. This supports the concept of:

head-sparing.

In the brain, a structure called the _____ produces the stress hormone cortisol.

hypothalamus

Early in life, infants find faces fascinating. Soon thereafter, they learn to recognize familiar people. Experience-dependent growth is illustrated by:

infants' recognition of familiar faces, but not their fascination with faces.

Your best friend was brought up under very stressful circumstances. During his early years, his father suffered from alcohol use disorder and his mother was mentally ill. Happily, both parents sought counseling and gradually the home environment improved. Nevertheless, your friend's personality still reflects some aspects of _____ attachment.

insecure

One-year-old Tom rarely acts nervous in new situations and pays little attention to his mother's presence or absence. Tom would MOST likely be classified as having a(n) _____ attachment style.

insecure-avoidant

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns?

insecure-avoidant

Young Torrence continues playing when his mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Torrence most likely has a(n) _____ attachment pattern.

insecure-avoidant

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear that he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Adam's attachment style is MOST likely:

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver?

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

About one-fifth of all infants have a type of attachment that could be categorized as _____, either avoidant or unduly anxious as in type _____.

insecure; C

Julia describes her adult attachment style as "avoidant." With respect to the continuum of attachment, Julia's attachment style is BEST described as _____ in anxiety and _____ in avoidance.

low; high

The amygdala is to emotion as the hippocampus is to:

memory.

A baby's father is swinging him through the air and vigorously playing and exercising his little limbs, while his mother vacuums. Later, the mother will be the one to feed and sing the child to sleep. This is typical because although fathers do change diapers:

mothers engage in more caregiving and comforting, and fathers in more high-intensity play.

Maggie is a 10-year-old fifth-grader. She tries her best to make her mom, her teacher, and her dance instructor proud of her. With respect to the development of attachment, Maggie is in a period BEST described as one of:

mutual attachment.

Baby Mimi begins crawling sooner than 67 of every 100 babies her age. Mimi's position relative to her peers with respect to this milestone is MOST likely expressed as a:

percentile

Zack can run a 100-yard dash faster than 82 of every 100 of his same-grade peers. Zack's position relative to his peers with respect to this ability is MOST likely expressed as a:

percentile

A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100 is called a:

percentile.

Failure to thrive occurs when an infant's _____ score _____ markedly.

percentile; decreases

Emily is looking forward to the prom and is helping plan the dance. She has set a limit on how much she can spend on a dress. These actions are a sign that her _____ cortex has matured.

prefrontal

Jeremy is trying to save money for college. He saves half of the money he earns from his part-time job. He has set a goal to save enough money to pay for his dorm fees for his first year. These behaviors demonstrate that Jeremy's _____ cortex has matured.

prefrontal

Rebecca is very organized. She has set aside specific hours for studying and knows when she has had enough to eat. This behavior can be explained by a mature:

prefrontal cortex.

Dead-heading a flower refers to the elimination of a dead bloom to make way for new growth. This is similar to the process in the brain called _____, when unused neurons and misconnected dendrites die to enable new brain activity.

pruning

Slow-wave sleep is also known as _____ sleep.

quiet

Tamika and Tyree are trying to decide whether they should let the baby they are expecting in two months sleep in their bed. All of the following are possible benefits of bed-sharing EXCEPT:

reduced chances of sudden infant death.

Which attachment style describes an infant who is mildly upset at his mother's departure in the Strange Situation but who is easily soothed on her return?

secure

Research demonstrates that in developed nations the majority of infants are classified as:

secure.

Almost two-thirds of all infants have a positive bond with their caregiver known as _____ attachment, or type _____.

secure; B

The still-face technique:

shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.

Quiet sleep or _____ sleep increases at 3 or 4 months of age.

slow-wave

Daryl is standing next to his 2-year-old nephew at his birthday party when suddenly a clown appears with balloons for everyone. Many people laugh and show surprise at the clown's sudden entry, but Daryl's nephew looks to him for the appropriate social response. This is an example of:

social referencing.

Libby glances furtively at her best friend's reaction to a classmate's endorsement of a particular band. Libby is demonstrating:

social referencing.

Three-month-old Matthew is participating in a study in which his father stares at Matthew, remaining expressionless. This experiment is obviously using what researchers call the _____ technique.

still-face

Neurons in the brain connect at "intersections" called _____.

synapses

A mother is playing with her infant son at a park. She is smiling and making faces at him. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously. This is an example of the type of interaction that developmentalists call:

synchrony

Baby Lacie shakes her head when her mother shakes her head; they started this earlier with Lacie's mother copying Lacie's actions. This relationship between baby and mother is known as:

synchrony

A caregiver at a day-care center is playing with an infant. She is smiling and making faces at the infant. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously. This is MOST clearly an example of:

synchrony.

When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from _____ to _____.

synchrony; attachment

Auditory cortex is to visual cortex as the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe.

temporal; occipital

Donald loves to smell roses and thinks they are the most beautiful flower. Which part of his brain is he using to experience the roses?

the cortex

A mother and her infant are at a table in the food court in the mall. The mother is eating and is engrossed in reading a magazine. Her child is frowning, kicking, and fussing, as if to say, "Pay attention to me!" If these types of interactions continue throughout the infant's first year of life, researchers have concluded that:

the mother's unresponsiveness to her infant's needs may have adverse effects on the child.

Using the still-face technique, one in ______ 4-month-old infants are classified as socially engaged.

three

In infancy, the dozing sleep stage, in which the child is half awake, is known as _____ sleep.

transitional

By their first birthday, a newborn's weight typically:

triples.

To determine whether an infant is progressing as expected, doctors measure:

weight and head circumference.