chapter 5

Microinvalidations

(usually) unconscious messages that are meant to exclude or negate the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the target group. •Ex - a co-worker telling a female colleague to "stop being so emotional" when she's angry over an injustice that occurred in the workplace; a potential employer telling a female or Hispanic job applicant that he is "color blind"

Community

- A group of people that are connected either through geographical means, or through shared beliefs, values, and culture

attribution theory

- Attempts to explain how humans perceive others, and about how judgments are formed.

prejudice

- Attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that a person holds about others. • Making prejudgments about people based on stereotypes.

Relational Community

- Community bonded through beliefs, customs, or common ties.

Social Action

- Efforts to modify society and social institutions to meet the needs of oppressed people and promote social and economic justice.

Microassaults

- Similar to individual racism discussed earlier, microassaults are subtle or explicit, deliberate, conscious, biased, derogatory messages sent to target groups, either interpersonally or through the environment. •name-calling, acts of violence, avoidant behaviors, telling or laughing at jokes, or discriminatory practices meant to harm those in the target group.

instituational racism

- Social institutions and larger society that commit acts of racism.

cultural racism

- views the disadvantages faced by ethnic minority groups as caused by the behaviors, philosophies, and ways of living that are rooted in their particular cultures

social planning model

-Social workers, or other professionals, take lead on determining community issues, and what interventions should be use -Community members "Contract" with outside social workers

social action model

-The social worker empowers community members to create change -Organizes and guides community, but the community must effect the desired change in the end

•Locality Development Model:

-Uses the skills of community members to create change -Community members are recruited and organized to discuss issues, possible solutions, and ways to implement interventions

Social Justice

All people should be treated fairly and without prejudice regardless of race, gender, social status, religion, etc. through administration of laws in a society.

internal attributions

Behaviors affected through inherited personalities or qualities.

Distributed Justice

Concerned about how a society gives back to its members what it "owes" them.

Secondary oppression

Covert consequences of oppression witnessed by those who are oppressed.

Environmental Microaggressions

Demeaning and threatening messages that are communicated to marginalized groups through our environment •Similar to Institutional Discrimination •Ex - GLBT students who experience a hostile campus climate; corporate leadership that is made up of all white males; and public spaces that are not easily accessible to people with disabilities.

Frustration/Aggression Theory (Scapegoat Theory)

Displaced aggression causes prejudice and discrimination against others

Anti-oppression model

Explores the ways oppression is integrated in systems that impact the individual lives of clients.

Territorial Community

Geographical type of community

Libertarian Perspective

Government and other institutions should only exercise a limited role in human affairs.

race

Group of people related through common descent, history, language, and cultural traits.

attribution

Inferences people make about behavior, their own as well as others'.

Utilitarian Approach

Justice is defines as beliefs and policies that uphold the "greatest good for the greatest number of people."

Social Movement

Large scale efforts to create positive changes in soci

Marxist Theory (competition and exploitation)

Limited resources create a competitive society. • Some groups are perceived to be superior, leading to the exploitation of perceived inferior groups.

social learning theory

People learn by observing others. • Socialization is the process through which we learn to value some characteristics, ideas, and behaviors more than others, leading to prejudice.

projection

People may try to transmit, or project their own undesirable personal characteristics or feelings onto others.

The Authoritarian Personality

Personality traits predispose some individuals to be highly prejudicial and hold to totalitarian or anti-democratic mindsets

•Political Opportunities Perspective

Political structures only benefit the elite

discrimination

Prejudgment and negative treatment of people based on identifiable characteristics such as race, gender, religion or ethnicity.

individual racism

Racism displayed through personal, one-on-one interactions between two people.

Cultural Framing Perspective

Social movements are successful only when members of a group agree on the purpose or issue behind the movement

racism

Stereotyping and oppressing people based on their race.

Settlement Houses

Structures that provided programs that met a range of needs, such as education, nutrition, health, day care, etc. • Arose in early 1900s • Method or attempt at abolishing poverty through advocacy skills

Oppression

The act of subjugating an individual, group, or institution in an unjust, burdensome, or cruel way.

Advocacy

The defense or representation of clients or community members that lack the skills, resources, or power to represent themselves.

Primary oppression

The direct consequences of perceived group differences.

Social and Economic Justice Perspectives

The promotion of social justice is a core value and ethical principle of the social work profession.

The Vicious Cycle

When certain conditions are assumed to be true, forces may be set in motion to create and perpetuate the assumed condition • Such as ideas of superiority vs. inferiority, strong vs. weak, and good vs. bad

environmental racism

institutional and structural policies and practices that differentially impact the health and living conditions of racial and ethnic groups. •Ex - many factories and hazardous waste facilities are located in non-white communities, and these communities continue to experience substandard living conditions such as a lack of plumbing, exposure to lead paint, and polluted air, soil, and water. •Many minority groups suffer disproportionately from devastating health disparities related to environmental pollution that cause chronic illness, high mortality rates, and shortened life spans

Microaggressions

intentional and unintentional derogatory insults and slights that are communicated verbally, behaviorally, or through the environment to people of target groups

Microinsults

subtle, unconscious slights that take place interpersonally or through the environment. These convey hidden messages meant to insult and demean the target person or group. •ascribing irrelevant descriptors to someone such as "the intelligent female doctor" or "the intelligent African-American lawyer" when a Caucasian male may be introduced simply as "a doctor" or "a lawyer."

privilage

the advantages that a dominant group in society has. For example, white privilege refers to the advantages enjoyed by individuals categorized as white. W. E. B. DuBoisobserved poor white workers in the United States increasingly identify with their white supervisors, the dominant group, and distance themselves from recently freed black slaves. By doing so, white workers received economic and other advantages

Community Organization Theory

•3 Contexts Social Workers use to understand community from a macro-based perspective: 1.Community as the milieu in which practice actually occurs •Helps define the weaknesses and/or needs of a community, and what resources or interventions may benefit the community 2.Community as the change target •Assessments and interventions completed by outside parties, rather than members of the community 3.Community as a mechanism for change •Community members have the skills and abilities to create change; the social worker helps members identify and use the strengths

situational attributions

•Behaviors caused by uncontrollable situational factors.

•Mobilizing Structures Perspective

•Disenfranchised groups organize and use resources to initiate change • Social Movement Organizations (SMOs)