Chapter 5

Trans-fatty acids arise when unsaturated fats are

Hydrogenated

A way to prevent spoilage of unsaturated fats and make them harder is to change their fatty acids chemically through

Hydrogenation

the human body stores fats

In adipose tissue that secrete appetite-regulating hormones

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways fats are useful in foods?

Fats provide a low-calorie source of energy compared to carbohydrates

Which type of food would be the BEST to increase intake of the essential fatty acids EPA and DHA?

Fish

Select the list of foods that mostly supply essential fatty acids and vitamin E.

Fish, nuts, vegetable oils

A benefit to health is seen when ______ is used in place of ______ in the diet.

unsaturated fat/saturated fat

According to the DRI, what percent of the total calories should come from fat for a healthy adult?

20-35%

How many ounces of fish, especially fatty fish like salmon, should we eat every week for optimal heart and brain health?

8-12 ounces

Emulsification is important to be able to digest and absorb fats within the body. Humans can emulsify fats because the liver produces _________ that is stored in the gallbladder.

Bile

What role does bile play in the digestion of fats?

Bile acts as an emulsifier so that fat-digesting enzymes can break down fats.

Check My Work Which nutrient is necessary for complete breakdown of fat to provide cellular energy?

Carbohydrate

All lipoproteins contain different percentages of protein, cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides. LDL has a significantly higher _________ content compared to the other lipoproteins.

Cholesterol

Sterols, phospholipids, and triglycerides are the three major classes of lipids, with phospholipids being the predominant kind.

False

Fats play few roles in the body, apart from providing abundant fuel in the form of calories.

False. In addition to providing abundant fuel, fat cushions tissues, serves as insulation, forms cell membranes, and serves as raw material, among other functions.

_____ are among the top contributors of saturated fats in the U.S. diet.

Grain- based desserts

The process of __________ creates trans-fatty acids.

Hydrogenation

The DRI committee sets recommended intake levels for two types of essential fatty acids, which are __________.

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

A dietary pattern with sufficient essential fatty acids includes

Nuts and vegetable oils, two servings of seafood a week

Fats usually travel through the bloodstream assembled in packages of lipid and _________ molecules.

Protein

High intake of which types of fat is associated with serious health issues?

Saturated and trans-fatty acids

What are the symptoms associated with a diet deficient in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Skin abnormalities and poor wound healing

Where does fat predominantly get digested and absorbed in the digestive system?

Small intestine

A ____ is formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Triglyceride

Fatty acids are the major constituent of _____, the primary form of fat. Fatty acids differ from one another in _____ length and degree of _____. Highly unsaturated fats are softer in texture and are liquids at _____ temperature.

Triglycerides; chain; saturation; room

Little fat digestion takes place in the stomach

True

The traditional Mediterranean diet is reported to be heart healthy since it is rich in __________ and ____________.

Unsaturated fats and photochemicals

Saturation refers to

Whether or not a fatty acid chain is holding all of the hydrogen atoms it can hold

Which nutrient supplies most of the energy needed to perform the body's muscular work?

Fat

The lipids in foods and in the human body fall into ____ classes. About 95% of these lipids are ____. Other classes of the lipid family include the phospholipids and ____.

3; triglycerides; sterols

When energy from food is in short supply, the body

Dismantles its glycogen and releases triglycerides for energy

Which grain-based food has the most saturated fat from among the list below?

Doughnut

Bile is essential for fat digestion because it

Emulsifies fats in the small intestine

Four useful functions of fats in foods are to provide a concentrated _____ source, provide essential _____ vitamins, enhance food's aroma and ____, and contribute to _____.

Energy; fat-soluble; flavor; satiety

Generally speaking, vegetable and fish oils are rich in saturated fat

False. Vegetable and fish oils are excellent sources of polyunsaturated fats.

Consumption of trans-fatty acid containing foods such as high-fat baked and fried foods results in elevated levels of __________, which increases cardiovascular disease risk.

LDL cholesterol