Chapter 5

Which of the following are the smallest and most agile of the apes?

Gibbons

Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are

Haplorrhines

What is the zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes?

Hominoid

Which of the following have longer legs than arms?

Humans

Nyanzapithecus alesi is significant because it

Is the most complete extinct ape skull known in the fossil record.

Which of the following is the broadest of the classificatory units of zoological taxonomy?

Kingdom

Where do New World monkeys live?

Mainly in the forests of Central and South America

Which of the following statements about New World monkeys is true?

Many have prehensile tails.

Anthropologists measure eras by the term m.y.a. In what unit of years are does m.y.a. measure?

Million

Hominoid fossils became abundant during which epoch?

Miocene

In which of the following epochs did hominoids become widespread?

Miocene

Each gorilla troop has a silverback, which is usually the ______ in the troop.

Only breeding male

Which of the following are the most solitary of the great apes?

Orangutans

Archicebus achilles, the earliest definite primate so far discovered, lived during the late

Paleocene

Genetic relatedness based on common ancestry is known as

Phylogeny

_____ is the study of fossils and living apes, monkeys, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, including their behavior and social life.

Primatology

Which of the following happened during the Oligocene epoch?

Proto-monkeys became the most common primates.

The primate suborder ______ includes lemurs and lorises

Strepsirrhini

What is the least inclusive classificatory unit within zoological taxonomy?

Subspecies

Baboons and many macaques are ______ monkeys.

Terrestrial

What's the term for primates who live primarily on the ground?

Terrestrial

Different geographic areas provide more abundant primate fossil evidence for different time periods. Which of the following is true?

The fossil record is limited, and much of what we know through it is subject to change.

Why do we know relatively little about the specific ancestry of gorillas and chimps?

The humid conditions in which they live are not favorable for preservation and fossilization.

What aspect of the fossil remains of Nyanzapithecus alesi allowed placement of it as a new species?

The teeth

What do we know about extinct types of primates, based on the fossil record?

Very little

Which of the following statements regarding apes and humans are true?

-Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily. -Humans and apes are more closely related to each other than either are to monkeys. -Humans and apes share common ancestry.

Which of the following statements about primates are true?

-Learned behavior is an important part of primate adaptation. -Primates tend to be social animals, which live with others of their species.

The primate suborder Haplorrhini includes which types of primates?

-Monkeys -Humans

Which of the following statements about gorillas are true?

-Most of the gorilla's day is spent feeding. -Gorillas live in social groups. -Gorillas spend little time in the trees.

Which of the following are characteristics of primates?

-Primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping. -Primates' most important means of obtaining information is sight rather than smell.

Which of the following accompanied the spread of angiosperms (flowering plants) at the start of the Cenozoic era?

-Primates spread along with the angiosperms. -This happened during a period of global warming.

Which of the following are traits of terrestrial, as opposed to arboreal, Old World monkeys?

-Sexual dimorphism tends to be more marked in terrestrial than in arboreal monkeys. -Terrestrial monkeys are larger than arboreal monkeys.

Which of the following are true of the discoveries from Egypt's Fayum deposits?

-The Fayum fossils show two distinctive dental formulas. -The proto-monkeys of the Fayum lived in trees and ate fruits and seeds. -The Fayum fossils revealed the existence of different groups of proto-monkeys.

Of particular relevance to humans is the study of which primates?

-The great apes -Terrestrial monkeys

Which of the following are characteristics of orangutans?

-They live in jungles and feed in trees. -Adult males weigh more than twice as much as females. -Males typically climb, rather than swing through, trees.

Which of the following statements about gibbons are true?

-They live in primary groups. -They are arboreal. -They are skilled brachiators.

In the current timetable of primate evolution, the lineage of Old World monkeys diverged from the hominoid line about

30 million years ago

What percentage of surviving non-human primate species live in tropical forests in Africa, Asia, South America, and Central America?

90%

Sometimes called the pygmy chimpanzee, _______ live in the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Bonobos

There are dietary differences between chimps and gorillas. For example, _______ , prefer fruits and are omnivorous, but _____ eat green bulk vegetation.

Chimps; gorillas

Archicebus achilles, the earliest definite primate so far discovered, was found in

China

Which of the following best describes the process by which similar traits can arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways?

Convergent evolution

Which of the following comprise the great apes of the hominoid superfamily?

-Gorillas -Chimpanzees -Orangutans

Which of the following are among the special risks for primates?

-Human hunting -Capture to become pets -Capture for use in labs -Deforestation

Which of the following belong to the hominoid superfamily?

-Humans -Apes

Which of the following tend toward orthograde posture?

-Humans -Apes

Which of the following statements about bonobos are true?

-Among bonobos, the strongest social bonds are among females. -Bonobos use sex to avoid conflict. -Bonobos are about the same size as members of the smallest subspecies of chimpanzee.

With the rising temperatures of the long period of global warming that began around 56 m.y.a., tropical forests spread throughout which of the following?

-Asia -Europe -North America

Which of the following are true of chimps?

-Chimps live in tropical Africa and range over a larger area than gorillas. -Chimps are omnivorous.

Similar traits can arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. These similarities are called

Analogies

What's the term for primates who live primarily in trees?

Arboreal