Chapter 5: Carbohydrates

Which of the following statements is true? A)Honey is naturally a rich source of fructose. B)High-glucose corn syrup is commonly used to sweeten foods, such as regular soft drinks. C)Most animal foods are good sources of carbohydrate. D)Sucrose consists of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose.

A

Describe the major steps involved in digesting and absorbing starches and sugars.

Mouth — salivary amylase digests some starch Stomach — acid inactivates salivary amylase Small intestine — main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption • Pancreatic amylase • Maltase • Sucrase • Lactase Liver — receives absorbed glucose, fructose, and galactose from the small intestine Large intestine — some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented Rectum — very little dietary carbohydrate eliminated in feces

Which of the following statements is true? A)People may increase their risk of type 2 diabetes by eating more fiber-rich foods B)Fruits and vegetables are sources of fiber. C)Most forms of fiber are easily digested by enzymes secreted by human small intestinal cells. D)The typical American consumes recommended amounts of fiber.

B

Which of the following physical characteristics or health conditions is a sign of metabolic syndrome?

Blood pressure that is consistently higher than normal

Which of the following statements is true? A)Sucrose supplies more energy, gram per gram, than starch. B)Sucrose is comprised of two glucose molecules. C)Sucrose is a source of glucose. D)Sucrose has no nutritional value.

C

Nervous system cells rely on primary ________ for energy.

Glucose

________ is the primary fuel for active muscles.

Glucose

List the three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans

Glucose• Primary energy source for cells• Also referred to as "dextrose" or "blood sugar" Fructose• "Fruit sugar" or "levulose" Galactose• Part of "milk sugar" (lactose)

Explain the difference between glycemic index and glycemic load.

Glycemic Index (GI) • Method of classifying carbohydrate-rich food by comparing the rise in blood glucose after eating a portion of food that contains 50 g digestible carbohydrate to the rise that occurs after eating 50 g of a standard source of glucose Glycemic Load (GL) • Grams of carbohydrate in a serving of food multiplied by the food's glycemic index; this figure is then divided by 100

Chelsea is concerned that her 2-year-old daughter may have type 1 diabetes. Which of the following conditions is a typical sign or symptom of this form of diabetes?

Having fruity smelling breath

Discuss the health benefits of including fiber-rich foods in one's diet.

High-fiber diet may reduce risks of: • Obesity • Type 2 diabetes • Certain intestinal tract disorders • Heart disease and stroke • High-fiber diets may protect against colorectal cancer. • Diets rich in fiber, particularly soluble fiber, can promote cardiovascular (heart & blood vessels) health. Adequate fiber intake may reduce risk of diverticula and swollen & inflamed hemorrhoids

Compare hyperglycemia with hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia indicates excess glucose in the blood. Hypoglycemia refers to abnormally low presence of glucose in the blood.

________ is the disaccharide comprised of one glucose and one galactose molecule.

Lactose

Explain the difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy.

Lactose intolerance is a problem of the digestive system; milk allergy is a problem of the immune system.

Theresa is concerned that her 10-year-old son may have type 1 diabetes. Which of the following conditions is a typical sign or symptom of this form of diabetes?

Losing weight despite increased food intake

Identify foods that have low or high glycemic indexes or glycemic loads.

Low GI: Green vegetables, most fruits, raw carrots, kidney beans, chickpeas, lentils and bran breakfast cereals High GI: White rice, white bread and potatoes

Identify the basic monosaccharide components of sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Maltose• glucose + glucose Sucrose• glucose + fructose Lactose• galactose + glucose

Explain the difference between a simple sugar(monosaccharide) and a polysaccharide.

Monosaccharides provide cells with short-term energy. Polysaccharides provide long-term energy storage and rigid structure to cell walls and exoskeletons of animals.

Explain the difference between a nutritive sweetener and a nonnutritive sweetener.

Nonnutritive Sweeteners Additional FDA approved high-intensity nonnutritive sweeteners: • Highly purified stevia leaf extracts • Extracts from monk fruit Nutritive Sweeteners Contribute energy to foods • Mono- and disaccharides provide 4 kcal/g • Added sugars • Nutritive sweeteners added during processing or preparation • For example, sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup

Explain how the body regulates blood glucose.

Normally, blood glucose levels increase after you eat a meal. When blood sugar rises, cells in the pancreas release insulin, causing the body to absorb glucose from the blood and lowering the blood sugar level to normal.

Explain how plants make carbohydrates.

Plants use the sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms to make carbohydrate (glucose).

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index (70 or more)?

Snickers Bar (wrong)

Explain the difference between starch and glycogen.

Starch • Storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in plants • Mainly in seeds, roots, and tubers Glycogen • Storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in humans and other animals • Stored primarily in liver and muscles

Ian sweetens his hot oatmeal with a teaspoon of brown sugar. The chemical name for this type of sugar is _______.

Sucrose

Identify the major sources of added sugars in American diets.

Sugar sweetened-soft drinks, Cookies, Candy, and Chips

Which of the following statements about food labels is true?

The Nutrition Facts panel provides information about total carbohydrates in a serving of food.

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon

Glycogen is composed of ________ molecules.

glucose

Lactose is the disaccharide in _______.

milk

Amy has type 1 diabetes. To reduce her son's risk of this disease, Amy should ______.

monitor her child's health, because there is no way to reduce the risk

List at least four serious health problems associated with poorly controlled diabetes, including poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy.

• Developing severe hypertension • Having a miscarriage, premature birth, or stillbirth • Having a newborn who weighs 9 pounds or more and has difficulty controlling its own blood glucose level • Stroke and Heart Attack

List three practical ways to reduce a person's added sugar consumption.

• Fresh fruit, raw vegetables, or unsalted nuts and seeds for sweet or salty snacks; • Unsweetened yogurt or yogurt with bits of fresh fruit and/or chopped nuts for sweetened yogurts; and • Plain water or water that has a little lemon or lime juice added to it for soft drinks.

List at least four risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes and ways to reduce the likelihood of developing the disease.

• Sedentary lifestyles • Excess body fat • Close, genetically-related family member with the disease • Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander ancestry (Ways to Reduce) • Avoiding excess body fat • Exercising daily • Following a healthy dietary pattern

Identify the two major kinds of carbohydrates in human diets.

• Sugars: Simple carbohydrates • Starches and most form of fiber: Complex carbohydrates

Discuss differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, including treatments.

• Type 1 diabetes • Autoimmune disease • Beta cells stop making insulin • Source of insulin (usually injections) is required. • No preventive measures or cure for type 1 • Taking insulin. Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting. Frequent blood sugar monitoring. • Type 2 diabetes • Most common type • Insulin-resistant cells • Treatments include diet, exercise, medication, and insulin therapy.

When cells have more glucose than they need energy, they may convert some of the excess into ______.

Fat

Explain what happens when cells do not have glucose to use for energy.

First of all, it starves the cells. The cells need energy, and if they can't get it from sugar, they will get it from other parts of the cell — usually a protein. Not only does the waste product of burning protein lead to a problem called ketoacidosis, but it can also damage the liver and kidneys.

Identify roles of carbohydrates in the body.

Forms cell membrane structure Serves as an energy source

Compared to table sugar, honey is a natural and far more nutritious sweetener. True or false?

(False) Compared to table sugar, honey is not a significantly more nutritious sweetener.

Ounce per ounce, sugar provides more energy than starch. True or false?

(False) Ounce per ounce, sugar provides the same amount of energy as starch.

The average American consumes 80% of his or her energy intake as added sugars. True or false?

(False) The average American consumes about 18% of his/her energy intake from added sugars.

The results of clinical studies indicate that eating too much sugar makes children hyperactive. True or false?

(False) The results of clinical studies do not indicate that sugar makes children hyperactive.

Identify rich food sources of starch, soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber.

(Insoluble) legumes, nuts, peas, roots, cabbage, (Soluble) oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley and psyllium (Starch) potatoes, bread, cereal products, rice and grains

List three nutritive and three nonnutritive sweeteners.

(Non-Nutritive sweetener) glucose, fructose, corn syrup (Non-Nutritive sweetener) Sucralose, Saccharin, Aspartame

Identify the primary signs of metabolic syndrome, the impact the condition has on health, and how one can reduce the risk of developing the syndrome.

(Primary Signs) • Large waist circumference • Chronically high blood pressure (hypertension) • Chronically high fasting blood fat level (Health Impact) Having metabolic syndrome increases risk of type 2 diabetes and diseases of the heart and blood vessels. (Risk Reductions) Losing excess weight, exercising, and following a healthy eating pattern can reduce risk.

Eating a high-fiber diet may reduce your blood cholesterol level. True or false?

(True) Eating a high-fiber diet can improve your blood cholesterol levels.

Anna has type 1 diabetes and gives herself insulin injections to help manage her blood glucose level. One morning, Anna tested her blood before she ate breakfast and discovered that her blood glucose level was 88 mg/dl. Based on this information, Anna should _______.

Do nothing to intervene, because her fasting blood glucose level is normal

Which of the following foods or beverages is a major source of added sugars in American diets?

Energy drinks

List at least three signs or symptoms of diabetes.

Urinate (pee) a lot, often at night. Lose weight without trying. Blurry vision