Chapter 5: Emotion + Well-Being

Which of the following correctly describes emotional mimicry?

Emotional mimicry enhances collective performance.

Cross-cultural research by Paul Ekman and others testing Darwin's universality hypothesis found that people across cultures agree in the labeling of certain facial expressions. Which of the following are included in these universal facial expressions and which are not?

Universal Facial Expressions: - happiness, surprise - sadness, anger - disgust, fear Not-Universal Facial Expressions: - love, embarrassment

Match each term to the correct description.

emotion: - specific to an event or person - lasts only for seconds or minutes emotional disorders: can last for weeks, months, or years mood: can last for hours or days

Match each concept related to cultural specificity of emotional expression to the correct definition. Read all of the concepts and definitions carefully before matching them, as some may be closely related.

focal emotion - an emotion that is especially common within a particular culture ideal emotion - the idea that an emotion promoting important cultural principles that are valued will tend to play a prominent role in the social lives of individuals

Cultures vary in their specific __________, which are common in everyday experiences and are expressed with great frequency and intensity. For example, cultures that value honor are more likely to express and experience _______________, while interdependent vultures are more likely to have express and experience ________________.

focal emotions; anger; shame

Happiness has 2 distinct components. One is life ___________________, or how well you think your life is going in general. The other is emotional ______________, which refers to the tendency to experience _____________ positive emotions than negative emotions.

satisfaction;well-being;more

We can construe any _________________ in a number of ways, leading to various actions. Emotions ___________________ the information we should focus on and factor into our actions, behaviors, and decisions. Emotions _________________ guide perception, reasoning, and judgement in ways that allow quick and adaptive responses to challenges and opportunities in the environment.

situation; prioritize; often

Research on happiness has identified a number of simple and practical steps we can take to increase the chance of securing feelings of happiness. Match the beginning of each step to its corresponding ending.

- Instead of buying a consumer product... buy an experience, such as dinner with a pal or visiting a museum. - If you have $10 to spare... donate it to a charity. - Take 30 minutes... and write down what you are grateful for in life.

Match each practice of meditation to the effect it describes.

1. Meditation encourages a calm, nonjudgemental awareness of... thoughts and feelings. 2. Meditation practices encourage mindful attention to... different sensations in the body. 3. Mindfully slowing your breathing reduces... stress-related cardiovascular arousal.

Specific steps you can take to increase your own feelings of happiness include the following:

1. Taking 10 minutes a week to sit quietly and focus on feelings of kindness toward a person you are close to. 2. Taking 10 minutes to think about a current difficulty in your life and imagining what a good friend would tell you to be supportive.

Charles Darwin detailed his evolutionary perspective on emotional expression in The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. In it, Darwin generated three hypotheses about emotional expression. Match the beginning of each of Darwin's hypotheses to the appropriate conclusion. Note that not all targets may have a match.

1. The emotionally expressive behaviors of humans should resemble those of other species.... because humans share an evolutionary history with other mammals. 2. People in all cultures will likely communicate and perceive emotion similarly... because all humans have used the same 30-40 facial muscles to communicate similar emotions in our evolutionary past. 3 Blind individuals will show expressions similar to those of sighted people... because the tendency to express emotions in specific ways has been encoded by evolutionary processes.

This bar graph represents the results of an affective forecasting study comparing the impact of a romantic breakup from the point of view of "luckies," those who had never broken up and were asked to imagine the impact of a breakup versus "leftovers," those who actually did break up. Luckies were also asked to indicate their current relationship satisfaction.Label the bars in the graph to indicate the current satisfaction of luckies, their predicted satisfaction if they were to break up (thus becoming "predicted leftovers"), and the satisfaction of leftovers who had actually broken up. predicted leftovers leftovers luckies

5.5 satisfaction: LUCKIES 5.1 satisfaction: LEFTOVERS 3.9 satisfaction: PREDICTED LEFTOVERS

Which of the following are accurate findings of survey studies on happiness factors in people and which are not?

Accurate Findings: - Lack of money is associated with greater unhappiness, whereas having sufficient resources results in higher happiness Inaccurate Findings: - Romantic partnerships lead to higher levels of happiness, but other types of relationships do not. - People who spent money on themselves generally reported being happier than people who spent money on someone else.

Which of the following findings of recent studies on pride and shame as they relate to Darwin's ideas about universality, cross-species similarities, and the expressions of emotion by people born blind are accurate and which are not?

Accurate Findings: - Researchers found that a remote indigenous society in Burkina Faso, in Africa, could readily identify displays of pride from photos. - Dominance-related behaviors including chest expansion and upward arm thrusts that reliably signal pride are seen in humans and other mammals. Inaccurate findings: - concerns about and expressions of shame do not appear to be affected by being a member of an interdependent versus and independent culture. - Studies of blind individuals have shown that their expressions of emotion differ greatly from those of sighted people.

Which of the following statements describing historical and cultural measures of happiness are accurate and which are not?

Accurate Statements: 1. Personal achievement is considered a main pathway to happiness in American culture today. 2. East Asian culture considers harmonious interactions and fulfilling one's duties to be key routes to happiness. Inaccurate Statements: 1. The meaning of happiness has stayed relatively constant over time. 2.Ancient Greeks believed that happiness could be obtained by cultivating a superior intellect and through the appreciation of art and beauty. 3. Creating warm, affectionate interactions was considered a main pathway to happiness in Western Europe. 4. The idea that happiness can be found in actions that advance the well-being of many --- the idea of the greater good -- is one of modern times.

Which of the following statements regarding emotions are accurate and which are not?

Accurate: - We usually have a clear idea of what has triggered an emotion in us. - Once an emotion has occurred, it can motivate one to set and achieve goals or take advantage of opportunities. Inaccurate: - Emotions do not affect our perceptions and reasoning. - Emotions always lead to sound judgement.

Research supports the idea that certain emotions can impact our perception of people, stimuli, and the world in specific ways.

Anger: - perceptions of hostile intent in the action of others - percepts of neutral objects as dangerous ones Fear: - perceptions that one is more likely to be victimized

Edson heard that a respected colleague, who had worked many extra hours, got an early promotion. Identify the type of envy and action that are most likely to apply to Edson in this situation

Applies to Edson: 1. motivates actions that will elevate Edson's standing within the group 2. benign envy Doesn't apply: 1. motivates actions that will undermine the standing of the promoted colleague 2. malicious envy

The movie "Inside Out" explores how we experience emotion. Which of the following concepts about emotions are portrayed in the movie and which are not?

Concepts Portrayed: - emotions guide how we construe the world - emotions guide our behavior in social situations Not Portrayed: - emotions are enemies of rationality - emotions are disruptive to cooperative social relations.

Fredrickson and Kahneman (1993) conducted research on how people recollect certain emotions from their past. Which of the following are findings of their research and which are not?

Findings: - How you feel at the end of the event strongly predicts your overall experience of pleasure. - The peak moment of pleasure during the course of an event strongly predicts how much pleasure you will remember later. Not findings: - The length of a pleasurable experience is strongly related to your overall recollection - When you recollect pleasurable versus painful events, there are differences regarding the relative importance of peak moments and the ends of events.

Which of the following are findings of studies on the universality of facial expressions for the emotions of happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear and which are not?

Findings: - People in Japan, the U.S., and other countries exposed to Western media showed high accuracy in identifying these emotions in photos of people displaying them. - The Fore people in Papua New Guinea who had not been exposed to Western media showed high accuracy in identifying these emotions in photos of people displaying them Not Findings: - The Fore adults in Papua New Guinea who had not been exposed to Western media showed high accuracy in identifying these emotions in photos of people displaying them, but children were not as accurate. - Studies have found that people from cultures that differ in independence versus interdependence tend to disagree in how they label photos depicting these emotions.

Match each statement to the corresponding concept related to cultural specificity of emotional expression.

Focal Emotions: - Athletes from Japan showed more intense shoulder shrugs of shame in response to losing than did athletes from the U.S. - Compared with independent cultures, interdependent cultures like China have far more words to describe shame and embarrassment. Ideal Emotions: - Many East Asian cultures value calmness and contentedness because these emotions promote harmonious relationships, which are important to cultural identity. - In the U.S., people strive to experience excitement, because it enables people pursue a cultural belief in independent action and self-expression. - Simpatia, or promoting social interactions that are warm and affectionate, is valued in many Latino cultures.

Emotions motivate us to engage in specific actions. Match each action to the emotion that is most likely to prompt it.

Guilt: making amends after harming someone Gratitude: generosity toward others Anger: -pursuit of social justice - antisocial behavior, such as ending friendships or going to war

Which of the following correctly describes emotional expressions online?

Online expression of emotions tends to increase polarization between groups.

Identify true and false statements about how people report their emotions.

True Statement: - People are quite accurate in reporting the specific emotion they are feeling - People rarely refer to contextual influences of their emotions. False Statement: - Automatic processes do not play a role in people's experience and reporting of emotions. - People's accounts of why they feel a certain emotion are most likely accurate.

Identify the true and false statements about how touch can be used to communicate emotions.

True Statements: - It can encourage people or dissude them from inappropriate behavior. - It can prompt prreople to act in a more collaborative fashion. False Statements: - It can be used to gauge a person's intelligence. - It is not a reliable way to communicate a range of emotions that convey commitment.

Identify the true and false statements about the role of emotions within social groups.

True Statements: - Status within groups can shift based on expressions of emotion. - People expressing anger, as opposed to other negative emotions, are more likely to gain higher status within a group. False Statements: - only verbal expressions of emotions have an effect on status within a social group. - negotiators are less likely to get their way when they express the emotion of anger.

Identify true + false statements about how cultural values influence emotion and behavior.

True Statements: - an individual from America is more likely to value excitement than someone from an East Asian culture. - an individual from an East Asian culture is more likely to value contentment than someone from America. False Statements: - members of independent cultures tend to be more likely to suppress a positve emotional expression than are members of interdependent cultures. - In responding to emotional stimuli, people from independent cultures are less likely to show intense smiles of excitement.

Oxytocin is a chemical produced in the hypothalamus and plays a role in long-term relationships. Identify true and false statements about oxytocin.

True Statements: 1. It has been shown to promote pair bonding --- the preference for one mate over desirable alternatives --- in voles. 2. Released into the brain and circulating throughout the bloodstream, it contributes to building commitment. 3. It is associated with positive indicators of social interaction. False Statements: 1. It promotes empathy and understanding between adversarial groups. 2. Unfortunately, it does not promote conflict resolution among romantic couples.

Identify true and false statements about the influence of emotions on perception.

True Statements: 1. Relying on emotions can lead to biased decisions and actions. 2. We perceive situations in ways that are consistent with the emotions we are currently feeling. False Statements: 1. When we are sad, we are more aware of others' aggressive intentions and can look out for our own safety. 2. Emotions influence how we perceive immediate events, but not broader judgements -- such as whether we feel generally safe or unsafe.

Darwin's hypothesis that the emotional expressions and behaviors of humans resemble those of our mammalian relatives helps explain the origin of expressions and behaviors in humans. Which of the following statements about the research of these resemblances are accurate and which are not?

True Statements: 1. To maintain harmonious social relations, humans often exhibit behaviors that are reminiscent of appeasement (giving in) displays in nonhuman species. 2. Nonhuman primates exhibit emotional displays that resemble the human smile and the human laugh during friendly social situations. 3. Human expressions of embarrassment resemble appeasement (giving in) displays in other mammals, often leading to the avoidance of conflict. False Statements: 1. Nonhuman primates of the same species, but in different parts of the world, have been observed to display emotions in ways unique to their "cultures," just like their human counterparts. 2. Although Darwin's hypothesis has since been backed up by studied, it was based entireley on his unscientific speculations.

An approach which assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by the values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices that vary across cultures is __________________ approach. On the other hand, _______________ approach proposes that the components of emotion enable ____________ reactions to survival-related threats and opportunities all people face, and thus, that these components are universal.

a constructivist; an evolutionary; adaptive

There are three emotion regulation strategies that people use to alter their emotional state. The _________________ strategy involves understanding that emotions are fleeting and their causes typically change. The ____________ strategy involves reinterpreting the cause of the emotion. Finally, ____________ involves attenuating the outward signs of the emotion. Research suggests that there are cultural differences in the use of this strategy, with people from interdependent cultures using this strategy to temper ____________ emotional expression more than people from independent cultures.

acceptance; reappraisal; suppression; positive

According to the _______________, an emotion can become ________________ in a particular culture because the emotion promotes an important cultural ___________ that is valued and will tend to play a more prominent role in the social lives of individuals.

affect valuation theory; focal ideal

In studies that examined actual protestors who demonstrated against perceived social injustice, the emotion of ______________ was found to reliably predict who would march or sign petitions. Choices: sadness, guilt, disgust, happiness, anger

anger

Research has found that certain emotions communicate our status in a group. Match each emotion to the impact it has upon group dynamics.

anger: earns power and status within a group envy: motivates actions that elevate status within a group awe: facilitates a sense of belonging with others

Unlike moods or emotional disorders, emotions are ____________; they only last for __________. You can usually identify a person, object, or event that has caused the emotion, so emotions are ______________. Also, emotions help us achieve social ________________ by motivating us to act in ways that help us navigate our environments and relationships.

brief; seconds or minutes; specific; goals

Match each term to the appropriate scenario: affective forecasting focalism immune neglect

focalism: Nicole spent so much time thinking about how her divorce would make her unhappy that she did not consider how much time she would have for friends and a fulfilling career after the divorce. immune neglect: Nate thought his life would be ruined beyond repair after his cancer diagnosis, but in the year afterwards, he found that he had actually coped fairly well. affective forecasting: Sarita was unhappy with her career in sales, so she went to culinary school and became a chef, expecting greater happiness in her new career.

Research by Gilbert, Wilson, and colleagues highlights certain tendencies people show that hinder their ability to predict future happiness. Match each term relating to our ability to predict happiness to the correct definition.

immune neglect - the tendency for people to underestimate their capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events focalism - a tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of associated factors or other events affective forecasting - predicting future emotions, such as whether an event will result in happiness, anger, or sadness, and for how long

Brain studies of monks who meditate daily have found ___________________ activation in the region of the brain connected to experiences of ________________ emotions.

increased; positive

In her broaden-and-build hypothesis, Barbara Fredrickson proposes that _____________ emotions broaden out thoughts and actions to help us build out _____________ resources. This builds on Alice Isen's research linking ____________ emotions to more creative thinking.

positive; social; positive

In research inspired by Fredrickson's broaden-and-built hypothesis, participants were induced to be in either a positive or negative mood, and then asked to indicate which of two figures was the best match to a target figure. After examining this figure, which imagine was chosen to be the best match if participants were in a POSITIVE mood?

triangle: Participants in a POSITIVE mood chose this figure, as it is more similar in its global or "broader," arrangement of three objects, rather than its specific details (it has 3 triangles instead of 3 squares), demonstrating that positive emotions broaden our perceptions.