Chapter 5: European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th century

Oliver Cromwell

(1599-1658) "Lord Protector" (dictator) a Puritan leader of Parliament, led his New Model Army of Puritans against the Cavaliers at Marston Moor and defeated them decisively. Got rid of parliament and created republic.

The Dutch East India Company

(1602) displaced Portuguese dominance in the spice trade f East Asia and for many years prevented English traders from establishing a major presence there.

James I

(1603-1625) king of Scotland and son of Mary Queen of Scots. He took the throne after Elizabeth's death since she had no direct heirs. A believer in the divide rights of kings, he failed to understand the importance of Parliament in governing England. He is a Stuart (believer of ruling by divine right) A conference at Hampton Court, 1604, failed to reconcile the Puritans, who opposed Anglican hierarchy, with the church of England.

Charles I

(1625-1649) was, like his father (James I's), devoted to the divine right theory, also tried to increase revenue without Parliament and, unlike his father, he extremely sucked at dealing with Parliament. Involved in wars on the continent, he called for Parliament to vote funds, which it refused to do until he signed the Petition of Right in 1628; Parliament along can levy taxes; martial law cannot be declared in peacetime; soldiers may not be quartered in private homes; imprisonment requires a specific charge. He wanted religious conformity.

The Long Parliament

(1640-1660) demanded, in return for paying for Charles's defeat, that Charles impeach his top advisers, allow Parliament to meet every three years without his summons, and promise not to dissolve Parliament without its consent. When Charles attempted, in early 1642, to arrest opposition members, Parliament seized control of the army. Charles gathered his forces, and the English Civil War (1642-1649) began.

Frederick William the Great Elector

(1640-1688) Started absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

Louis XIV

(1643-1715) Bourbon, "The Sun King". He was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. Once of his greatest accomplishment was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Prince William III of Orange

(1650-1702) Grandson of William the Silent. Rallied the Dutch and eventually led the entire European coalition against France. As part of that strategy, he answered the invitation of Protestant English aristocrats in 1688 to assume, along with his wife Mary, the English throne.

Charles II

(1660-1685) King of England, Scotland, and Ireland who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. He was VERY pro-catholic. He issued Clarenden Code and parliament issues the Test Act

Peter The Great

(1672-1725) Russian. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg

Sir Robert Walpole

(1676-1745) Englishmen and Whig statesmen who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister.

James II

(1685-1688) Stuart. Charles II's son. A Full-on Catholic and people hated that. He marries his daughter Mary to William III of Orange (William and Mary of the Netherlands). Has a catholic male heir but parliament hated him so parliament invited Will and Mary to invade England. The Male heir runs from England.

The Pragmatic Sanction

(1713) Issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. Stated that Habsburg possessions were never to be divided, even if it meant allowing women to take the throne.

Frederick William I

(1713-1740) "The Soldier's King" who established Prussian absolutism by creating a large army and strict military values in the society in belief that the welfare of the state depended on respect gained from the army.

Frederick II or Frederick the Great

(1740-1789) King of Prussia; was considered a military genius; religious toleration, economic improvements, codified laws, public education; didn't introduce as many enlightened reforms as Joseph II; believed the army was the most important thing; wanted to be buried with his dogs; supposedly asexual.

Parlements

(France) Political institutions in France, developed from the previous king's council. They possessed ancient and customary rights of consultation and judicial functions. They are authorized in different regions, the Parlement of Paris having the largest jurisdiction.

Petition of Right (1628)

-No forced loans/taxes with parliament. -No imprisonment without just cause -1629: Parliament irritated @ pro Catholic religious policies -Charles I refuses to sign -Rebellion breaks out in Scotland

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Parliament

A legislative assembly in certain countries. Members were mostly protestants who wanted limited monarchy.

Political Absolutism

A model of political development embodied by France in the seventeenth century. The French monarchy was able to build a secure financial base that was not deeply dependent on the support of noble estates, diets, or assemblies, and so it achieved absolute rule.

Versailles

A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest to Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband, Prince William III of Orange. It meant that England was stabled compared to French Revolution where thousands of people died. This brought wealth to England when France was going downhill.

Cardinal Richelieu

Architect of French absolutism who was prominent church officials, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624-1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance the power of the king, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists.

The Great Northern War

Broke out as Peter attacked Sweden (with assistance from Poland and Denmark) in his quest to establish a Russian trading port on the Baltic. After being routed initially, Peter re-organized his army on the western model and eventually gained Estonia, Livonia, and Karella on the Baltic. War is decided with the Battle of Poltava, but ends with the Peace of Mystadt in 1721. Sweden becomes second rate power after the war.

St. Petersburg

Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden.;

Cardinal Mazarin

Chief minister and regent to Louis XIV; tried to continue Richelieu's centralizing policies, but his attempts to increase royal revenue led to the civil wars knows as the Fronde; He could not control nobility as Richelieu had.

Puritans

English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism.

Time of Troubles

Followed Ivan IV's death in 1584. Period of famine, power struggles and war, Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow.

Hohenzollerns

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.

The Mississippi Bubble

John Law's economic folly in France. He tried to restore the economy by giving the debt to the Mississippi Company. Then over speculation of their bonds occurred. The stock rose, and people sold the bonds for paper money. When they tried to exchange the paper money with god. There was not enough gold to support this, and the economy went in the toilet.

Boyars

Land owning aristocracy in early Russia

L'etat, c'est moi

Louis XIV's declaration: "I am the state"

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class for merly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Jansenism

Movement within the seventeenth-century Catholic Church. It opposed the Jesuits and advocated the humans could only achieve salvation through divine grace, not through good works.

The Fronde

Nobles who sought to limit the powers of the monarch and to decentralize the government in order to extend their own influence.

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eight rank, he became a noble.

Cavaliers

The Anglican clergy, the majority of the nobility, and the peasants backed the king and were referred to as Royalist or____

House of Commons

The elect chamber of Parliament.

Parliament Monarchy

The form of limited or constitutional monarchy set up in Britain after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 in which the monarch was subject to the law and ruled by the consent of parliament.

House of Lords

The higher chamber of Parliament, composed of peers and bishops.

Sejm

The legislative assembly of the Polish nobility

Roundheads

The middle class, the merchants, the major cities, and a small segment of the nobility supported Parliament

Divine right of kings

The theory that monarchs are appointed by and answerable only to God.

The League of Augsburg

This was a military alliance that was created in 1689 by all of the major European nations except for France. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe.

War of the Spanish Succession

War fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France, A war for the inheritance for the Spain throne which involved the League of Augsburg against France.