Chapter 5 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology The Human Body: Review

What is homeostasis? (test)

- Body systems are functioning normally or normal state condition - Internal environment of the body is in equilibrium - Body is in a healthy state - If conditions deviate from normal: body tries to restore conditions to normal, if unsuccessful: illness/disease/death

What are the six levels of organization of the body? (test)

- Chemical level: deals with the interactions of atoms and their combinations into molecules (molecules contribute to the makeup of a cell) - Cells: basic living units of all organisms - Tissues: cells with similar structure and function are grouped together as tissues. - Organs: two or more tissue types that together form a more complex structure; work together to perform one or more functions; examples of organs: skin, heart, ear, stomach, liver - Body Systems: consist of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions; examples: nervous system, digestive system, respiratory system. - Total Organism: made up of several systems that work together to maintain life.

What makes up a body system? List examples of body systems. (test)

- Consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions. - Examples: respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system

Dorsal cavity (test)

- Cranial cavity: brain - Spinal cavity: spinal cord

What is the difference between gross human anatomy and microscopic human anatomy? (test)

- Gross human anatomy deals with the large structures of the human body (can be seen through normal dissection). - Microscopic anatomy deals with the smaller structures and fine detail that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.

Axial region (test)

- Head, neck, and trunk (or torso: thorax, abdomen & pelvis)

What is the relationship between human anatomy and physiology? (test)

- Human anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of the human body and its parts. - Human physiology is the scientific study of the functions or processes of the human body.

Appendicular region (test)

- Limbs & arms

What is the function of the integumentary system? (test)

- Protect underlying tissues from injury - Protect against water loss - Contain sense receptors - Temperature regulation - Synthesize chemicals to be used in other parts of the body

What is the function of the skeletal system?

- Provides body framework & support - Protects - Attaches muscles to bones - Provides calcium storage

Ventral cavity (test)

- Thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea. - Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, most of the intestines. Pelvic cavity: small & large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs.

What makes up an organ? List examples of organs. (test)

- Two or more tissue types that together form a more complex structure; work together to perform one or more functions. - Examples of organs: skin, heart, ear, stomach, liver

Superior (test)

A part above another part, or closer to the head. Example: The nose is superior to the mouth.

Inferior (test)

A part below another part, or closer to the feet. Example: The heart is inferior to the neck.

Proximal

A part closer to a point of attachment, or closer to the trunk of the body, than another part. Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Distal

A part farther away from a point of attachment than another part. Example: The fingers are distal to the wrist.

Deep

A part is away from the surface. Example: Muscles are deep to the skin.

Superficial (test)

A part located on or near the surface. Example: The superficial (or outermost) layer of the skin is the epidermis.

Posterior (test)

A part toward the back. Example: The heart is posterior to the sternum.

Anterior (ventral) (test)

A part toward the front surface. Example: The heart is anterior to the vertebral column.

Medial (test)

A part toward, or nearer, the midline of the body. Example: The nose is medial to the ears.

Lateral (test)

A part toward, or nearer, the side, away from the midline. Example: The ears are lateral to the eyes.

What is the negative feedback mechanism? (test)

A response mechanism of the body in which a stimulus initiates a reaction to reduce the stimulus. - Works to bring conditions back to the normal range.

What is a stressor? (test)

Any condition or stimulus that disrupts the homeostatic balance in the body.

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

Describe the body in anatomic position.

Body is standing erect, the face is forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms & toes directed forward.

What makes up the skeletal system?

Bones, joints, ligaments, cartilage.

What makes up the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What is the function of the respiratory system? (test)

Brings oxygen into lungs and removes carbon dioxide; exchanges gases between blood and external environments.

What is the function of the nervous system? (test)

Coordinates body activities or in other words, allows the body parts to communicate with each other and with the outside environment, transmits stimuli.

Transverse plane (horizontal plane)

Cuts across the body horizontally to divide it into superior and inferior portions, cut from middle.

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into right and left halves equally.

What is the function of the digestive system?

Ingests and digests food; absorbs nutrients into blood.

Sagittal plane (longitudinal section)

Lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions, cut into half.

What makes up the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

What makes up the respiratory system?

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Visceral (test)

Pertains to internal organs or the covering of the organs. Example: The visceral pericardium covers the heart.

What is the function of the muscular system? (test)

Produces movement, maintains posture, and provides heat.

Parietal

Refers to the wall of a body cavity. Example: The parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Regulates metabolic activities and body chemistry.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Returns tissue fluid to the blood; defends against disease.

What makes up a total human organism?

Several systems that work together to maintain life.

What makes up the integumentary system?

Skin & accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous oil glands).

What makes up the lymphatic system?

Tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports material from one part of the body to another; defends against disease.

How does the body maintain normal blood pressure using a negative feedback mechanism?

When BP decreases below normal, the body sensors detect the deviation & initiate changes that bring the pressure back within the normal range. When the BP increases, changes occur to decrease the pressure to normal. (Homeostatic mechanism)