Chapter 5 Nutrition 308

Name the long, straight- chain type of starch found in plants.

amylose

At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

at any age

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

fasting glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides

A high- fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver; soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted; reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

Which of the following are monosaccharides/ simple sugars?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

heart, kidneys, eyes

What sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?

high- fructose corn syrup

Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners

sweeten foods while providing few or no calories; include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose

Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste:

sweeter

Which of the following foods consist predominately of carbs? (eggs & poultry, table sugar, baked potatoes, fruit)

all except eggs & poultry

What are some examples of

amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen

Amylase is

an enzyme

When a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following?

blockages in the intestine

What are some typical traditional symptoms of diabetes?

blurred vision, frquent urination, extreme thirst

(Glycemic Index x Grams of ______) / 100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrate

Providing energy is the primary function of

carbohydrate

Fibers that are not really dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

Which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?

intake of high- fructose corn syrup, adds about 300 calories daily to the diets of Americans; added sugars in the diet is nearly triple the recommendation by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Which fibers from the structural part of the plant cell wall in veggies and whole grains?

lignins, hemicellulose

_____ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

maltose

_____, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.

maltose

Which of the following health conditions arelinked to an excessive total calorie intake?

obesity, diabetes

Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carb?

oligosaccharides

Which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?

oligosaccharides

Most carbohydrates are composed of

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

The term _____ literally translated means "many sugars."

polysaccharide

______ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts.

saccharin

Viscous fiber helps to regulate blood glucose by

slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

Lactase is produced by cells of the

small intestine

Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level ____

falls

Which of the following are components of a whole grain?

endosperm, germ, bran

_____ differs from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract?

fiber

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ____.

fructose

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

What is the technicall term for high blood sugar?

hyperglycemia

What are a few foods that are good at managing blood glucose levels?

kidney beans, oatmeal, apples

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of ___ (a disaccharide).

lactose

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating.

meals with a mixture of macronutrients, protein containing snacks

What is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?

zero

The problem with an excess amount of _____ in the diest is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries.

sugar

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

the human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

xylitol

Rank the sandwiches from highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest (3). -tuna salad with whole wheat crackers -soyburger with whole- wheat english muffin -hot dog- served on a white bun

1) soyburger on whole wheat english muffin 2) tuna salad served with whole wheat crackers 3) hot dog on white bun

Four steps of digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates.

1)Salivary amylase inactivated by strong acids in the stomach. 2) Enzymes breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine. 3) Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine. 4) Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces.

How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?

1/2- 1 cup

When you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can be used to supply energy?

protein, fat

How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

they absorb water and expand the GI tract

What is true of polysaccharides?

they are sometimes called complex carbs or starches; they are made of single- sugar units that are bonded to form a chain; they are found chiefly in grains, veggies, and fruits

What percentage of AMericans shows signs of Lactose Maldigestion?

25%

How much energy does glucose provide per gram?

4 kcal

Which best describes the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?

45%- 65% of total calories

Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

cooking, chewing

Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

intestinal blockages, constipation

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

liver and muscle

Which of the following influence glycemic index?

macronutrients in a meal, physical structure

What are some natural sources of sucrose?

maple syrup, carrots

A high- fiber diet may improve cholesterol measurements because:

soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted; fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver; reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver

Which of the following are good sources of soluble fiber?

spples

In what form is glucose stored in plants?

starch

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch, polysaccharides

What are other names for complex carbs?

starch, polysaccharides

All sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in

sucrose

The carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against all other sweeteners as measured is called?

sucrose

Diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin are typical treatments for

type 2 diabetes

Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome Increase risk of

type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease

Which of the following patients may or may not require the use of insulin?

type 2 diabetic patients

Excess fat around the abdomen can be especially dangerous when combined with which of the following conditions?

Elevated blood lipid levels, hypertension

___________ diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.

Type 2

Name some foods that don't essentially contain any carbs.

eggs, butter, beef

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

mouth

Soluble fiber _____ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol- rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol- rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

Breakdown this word to indicate the prefix & word stem: disaccharide

di-saccharide

The advantage of the branched structure of ___ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycocen

Grains containing the entire seed of plant, including the bran, germ and endosperm (starchy interior) are called

whole grains