Chapter 5 Practice Questions (Human Anatomy)

Which of the following can lead to hair loss?

- Fever - Severe emotional trauma - Excessive vitamin A

ABCD Melanoma Checklist

A - Asymmetry: Irregular shape; when shape doesn't match normal mole shape. B - Borders: Irregular borders; Borders that are uneven. C - Color: There are multiple colors. D - Diameter: Larger than 1/4 an inch. E - Evolving: Changing in size, shape, and color.

Condition - Description: Alopecia areata

A rare condition where hair follicles are attacked by the immune system, causing the hair to fall out in patches

What type of mole or pigmented spot on the skin would be the most concerning?

A spot with varying colors and irregular borders.

Skin strata - Description: Stratum lucidum

A thin, translucent band consisting of a two to three rows of clear, flat, dead, keratinocytes

Cells - Function: Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Activate the immune system

Match nail structure with its description: Nail matrix

Actively growing part of the nail

Match the following change in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease: Bronzing

Addison's disease; hypofunction of adrenal cortex

Match structure with its primary tissue type: Hypodermis

Adipose connective tissue

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?

Anemia

Which of the following human integumentary system glands is believed to be analogous to the sexual scent glands of an animal?

Apocrine sudoriferous gland

Match structure with its primary tissue type: Papillary layer of the dermis

Areolar connective tissue

Match condition with its description: Psoriasis

Autoimmune condition, resulting in an over proliferation of the epidermis, characterized by reddened epidermal papules covered with dry, silvery scales

Match hair feature with its description: Vellus hair

Body hair of children and adult females

Matcg hair follicle-associated structure with its description: Arrector pili

Bundle of smooth muscle tissue running from the superficial dermis to the hair follicle; responsible for producing goose bumps

ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma with its description: Evolution

Changes with time

Type of burn - Description: First-degree burn

Damage to only the epidermis that results in redness, swelling, and pain

Match structure with its primary tissue type: Reticular layer of the dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue

The dermis is primarily composed of which tissue type?

Dense irregular connective tissue

Keratinocytes are connected by desmosomes, especially in the stratum spinosum. Recall the function of desmosomes.

Desmosomes serve as anchoring junctions—mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation.

Match skin function with the mechanism that accomplishes it: Rising body temperature regulation

Dilation of blood vessels and secretion of sweat that evaporates from body surface

Match nail structure with its description: Free edge

Distal edge of the nail

Type of burn - Description: Third-degree burn

Entire thickness of the skin is consumed, resulting in the burned area appearing white, red, or blackened

An injection is administered through the skin using a hypodermic needle. Identify the first integumentary structure through which the needle will pass.

Epidermis

Which of the following layers of the skin relies on capillaries in the underlying connective tissue for its nutrients?

Epidermis

Match nail structure with its description: Nail bed

Epidermis on which the nail rests

Match changes in skin color with their associated clinical signs of disease: Redness or erythema

Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

Which of the following is not considered a critical burn?

First-degree burns on 30% of the body

Glands - Location: Sebaceous glands

Found all over the body except the palms and soles

Which of the following is not a function of hair?

Hair provides a luxuriant source of warmth

Which of the following is not strictly a component of the integumentary system?

Hypodermis

Basal cell carcinoma

Identify the following type of skin cancer indicated by A in the photographs below.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Identify the following type of skin cancer indicated by B in the photographs below.

Melanoma

Identify the following type of skin cancer indicated by C in the photographs below.

E

In which layer are 10-25% of the cells melanocytes, a cell that is prone to cancer in the form of melanoma?

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?

Inflammation causes increased blood flow

Type of burn -Description: Second-degree burn

Injury to the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and blisters

Which of the following is not true concerning sun exposure?

It temporarily stimulates the immune system

The epidermis is composed of which of the following tissues?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Which of the following cells would one not expect to find in the dermis?

Keratinocytes

Which of the following epidermal components possesses a waterproofing glycolipid that functions in preventing water loss?

Lamellar granules

ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma with its description - Description: Diameter

Larger than 6 mm

areolar connective tissue

Layer B is composed primarily of __________.

Which of the following is the most immediate threat to life from a serious burn?

Loss of body fluids

Match hair feature with its description: Alopecia

Loss of hair

Skin appendages like hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands each plays a unique role in which of the following?

Maintaining homeostasis

Cells - Function: Keratinocytes

Make a fibrous protein for skin protection

Skin strata - Description: Stratum corneum

Many cell layers of dead keratinocytes filled with keratin (outermost epidermal layer)

Which of the following is most important in determining skin coloration?

Melanin

Which of the following is untrue with regards to finger nails?

Nails are primarily used to protect the capillary beds in the tip of the fingers and toes.

ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma with its description: Border irregularity

Pigmented spot possesses notches and indentations

Match change in skin color with its associated clinical signs of disease: Cyanosis

Possible heart failure; possible respiratory disorders

Match skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes it: Blood reservoir

Potential to hold about 5% of the body's blood volume in numerous blood vessels

Glands - Location: Apocrine sudoriferous sweat glands

Primarily confined to the axillary, anal, and genital regions

Epidermal cell type - Function: Keratinocytes

Produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis most of its protective qualities

Match the following skin function with the mechanism that accomplishes it: Protection

Provides a chemical barrier and a physical barrier to ward off bacterial invasion and to provide "waterproofing"

Match pigment with its associated skin color: Melanin

Ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to brownish black

Match pigment with its associated skin color: Hemoglobin

Red

Which of the following is not a function of the skin?

Respiratory gas exchange

Epidermal cell type -Function: Melanocytes

Responsible for skin pigmentation

Skin eruption produced by dilated small blood vessels of the face, especially on the nose and cheeks, is descriptive of which skin disorder?

Rosacea

Glands - Functions: Eccrine sweat glands

Secrete a hypotonic filtrate of the blood (99% water with traces of salt, vitamin C, antibodies, metabolic wastes, and lactic acid)

Cells - Function: Tactile cells

Sensory detection

Epidermal cell type - Function: Merkel cells

Sensory receptors for touch

Skin strata - Description: Stratum spinosum

Several cell layers thick, with intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Skin strata - Description: Stratum basale

Single row of cells mainly composed of keratinocyte stem cells.

Function: Hypodermis

Skin anchoring

Choose the false statement. A) Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature. B) Low pH protects the skin. C)There are substances in sweat that can kill bacteria. D) Skin acts as a biological barrier.

Skin does not have a role in regulating body temperature.

Condition - Description: Eczema

Skin rashes resulting from allergic reactions

Match glands with their secretion: Sudoriferous glands

Sweat

Which of the following is untrue with regards to sweating?

Sweat is a hypertonic solution compared to plasma, containing high amounts of sodium.

Match skin functions with the mechanism that accomplishes them: Metabolic functions

Synthesis of vitamin D; destruction of cancer-causing chemicals; activation of some steroid hormones

Skin cancer - Description: Melanoma

The "most dangerous form" of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic; can originate wherever there is pigment, but often arises from existing moles, metastasizing rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels

Exposure to UV radiation may damage folate that circulates in the blood within skin. Folate is an important B vitamin that is important for the reduction in neural tube defects in pregnant women. All of the following shield the body from UV rays except __________.

The acid mantle

Match hair follicle-associated structure with its description: Hair bulb

The expanded, deep region of a hair follicle

E

The most common (and least malignant) type of cancer arises the layer marked by which letter?

If an individual was unable to produce sebum, what problem would they most likely develop?

They would have brittle, more easily broken hair

What is the primary function of melanin?

To provide protection against the sun's UV rays

to lubricate hair and prevent infection

What is the function of the secretion from A?

C

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

B

Which letter represents where the stratum lucidum would be found in fingertips, palms, and the soles of the feet?

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?

A

Which structure contribute to our sense of touch by amplifying vibrations detected by the large lamellar corpuscles in the dermis?

C - Eccrine gland

Which structure is a type of sweat gland?

B

Which structure represents lines that are important to surgeons because when an incision is made parallel to these lines, the skin gapes less and heals more readily?

C

Which structure represents tearing of the dermis, leaving silvery white scars called striae?

D

Which structure represents when skin cannot slide easily to accommodate joint movement causing the dermis to fold and crease?

Match nail structure with its description: Lunule

White, crescent-shaped area under the nail's proximal region

Match pigment with its associated skin color: Carotene

Yellow to orange

Skin condition: Jaundice

Yellowish to pale-green coloring of skin caused by an accumulation of bile pigments in blood

A sunburn is generally classified as being __________.

a first-degree burn

Apocrine sweat glands __________.

begin functioning at puberty

A hematoma in the skin appears as __________.

black and blue marks

Terminal hair is located in all of the following areas, except the __________.

body hair of females

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________.

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?

destruction of underlying pain receptors

Hirsutism is a condition characterized by __________.

excessive hairiness

If dermal ridges were missing, then __________.

friction ridges would be absent

The region deep to the skin is the __________.

hypodermis

One main difference between thin skin and thick skin is that __________.

in thin skin, the stratum lucidum appears to be absent

Melanoma is particularly dangerous because __________.

it grows rapidly and metastasizes

The role of ceruminous glands is to __________.

produce earwax

During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?

skeletal muscle

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________.

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result?

- Fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle. - The forehead's skin would become dry. - Bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely.

Which of the following lists the layers of the epidermis in thick skin in the correct order from deep to superficial?

1) Stratum basale 2) Stratum spinosum 3) Stratum granulosum 4) Stratum lucidum 5) Stratum corneum

Condition - Description: Impetigo

Fluid-filled, raised lesions, common around the mouth and nose, that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture; contagious

Glands - Location: Mammary glands

Found only in the pectoral region

Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for fingerprints?

Friction ridges and sweat pores

Which of the following is true of hair?

Hair's main function in humans is to sense insects on the skin before they bite or sting us.

Which of the following cells function as sensory receptors for touch?

Merkel cells