Chapter 5, psychology

A therapist is using _____ when he fines a client $100 for missing her monthly appointment

positive punishment

When we associate two different stimuli, we are learning through the process of

classical conditioning

John B. Watson

classically conditioned little albert

Pictures of chili peppers make Dionne's mouth water when she browses cooking sites on the Web. In Pavlov's terms, pictures of chili peppers are _____ stimuli for Dionne since she had to learn their association with yummy dishes

conditioned

In a typical advertisement, the product or service being promoted acts as a(n) _____ for positive emotional responses

conditioned stimulus

Insight learning

creative learning, outside of the box thinking, the "Aha" moment

Pioneering studies by Tolman and Köhler suggest a _____ role for cognition in learning, _____ Skinner's views of learning

critical; contradicting

Positive and negative punishment are similar in that they both

decrease undesired behavior

punishment

decreasing the likely hood of the reoccurring behavior

Correlational research demonstrates that spanking young children _____ negative outcomes during adolescence

is associated with

An elementary school teacher is using _____ when he takes away recess from a student who has acted out in class

negative punishment

In order to avoid an argument with his father, Brock joins the football team. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

Denzel doubles his usual study time to prepare for a chemistry midterm. He receives an A. Denzel has received _____ for his additional study efforts

positive reinforcement

operant conditioning, generalization

response occurs with stimuli only similar to the original stimulus

Operant conditioning, discrimination

response to signal behavior will or will not be reinforced

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that preschoolers be limited to _____ hour(s) of screen time each day

1

The number of countries that ban spanking and other forms of physical punishment of children is

52

The average child in the United States averages about _____ hours of screen time each day

7

which children were more likely to display aggression against the bobo doll

Boys and the children who observed the aggressive models, but boys and girls were equal with verbal abuse

In the terminology of classical conditioning, sexual desire due to the presence of objects such as shoes or certain types of clothing is a(n)

CR

Ming finds herself getting excited every time she smells her boyfriend's cologne. Getting excited at the smell of her boyfriend's cologne, even when he isn't present, is a(n)

CR

In spontaneous recovery, a

CR reappears after it has undergone extinction

Our understanding of learning is built in large part on psychologists' study of nonhuman organisms. Which psychologist is correctly paired with the organisms used in his best-known work

Köhler - chimps

Edward Tolman

Latent learning

_____ occurs without awareness or reinforcement, and is not evident until it is needed.

Latent learning

occurs without awareness or reinforcement, and is not evident until it is needed

Latent learning

latenet learning

Learning by being around the subject of learning, not trying to learn it, but do, soak up knowledge just by being.

_____ increases the behavior it follows, while _____ decreases the behavior it follows.

Reinforcement; punishment

Thorndike's law of effect is MOST similar to _____'s concept of _____

Skinner; positive reinforcement

A trendy celebrity endorses a new smartphone in a series of television commercials. Recalling the textbook's discussion of the application of classical conditioning to advertising, which statement is TRUE

The celebrity is a US; the phone is a CS.

Which choice BEST expresses the critical result of the Tolman and Honzik (1930) latent learning experiment, along with its implications for the researchers' understanding of learning

The rats that began receiving reinforcement partway through the experiment quickly caught up with the rats that had been receiving reinforcement all along, suggesting that they had been learning the maze, even in the absence of reinforcement.

Which psychologist is correctly paired with the type of learning with which he is associated

Tolman - latent learning

The importance of cognition in learning is BEST illustrated by the classic work of

Tolman and Köhler

Alice plays an online computer game, slaying the same monster over and over, hoping that this will be the game in which she'll find a rare treasure in its hoard. Alice is being reinforced on what schedule

Variable-ratio

Learning is defined as

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking resulting from experience

successive approximations

a series of gradual step to reinforce the final desired response

Learning does NOT include

adaptation

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment

adults acted aggressively towards bobo doll, children were allowed to play with bobo doll and acted aggressively towards it

In the classic "Bobo doll" research, Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) demonstrated that _____ may be acquired through observational learning

aggressive behavior

Interval schedules of reinforcement deliver reinforcers based on

amount of time

Arturo started training for his first tennis match 4 days before it started and was very happy with his performance. In preparation for his second match, what would Arturo be likely to do if he were on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

begin practicing 4 days before the second match

In their "Bobo doll" study of observational learning, Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) found that

boys were more likely to imitate the model's physical aggression than were girls

ABA

can be applied to educational settings, in business settings and to treat autism

Layna reads that "researchers have found a correlation between media violence and aggressive behavior." However, this is not clear evidence of a(n)

cause-and-effect relationship

Kohler, animal

chimps

token economy

desired behavior is rewarded with tokens, (tickets, money, etc...) that can be traded for privilege's

Billie's mouth waters when she sees a picture of jalapenos in a cooking magazine but not when she sees a picture of tomatoes on the next page. Billie is demonstrating stimulus

discrimination

Martin Seligman, animals

dogs

Seligman's studies

dogs were placed in two sided box, one with electric floor one with out electric shock, one box without holes one box with out a hole. depressive studies

Actions that are kind, generous, and beneficial to others are _____ behaviors

empathetic

Marta no longer uses a particular vending machine on campus because it has consistently failed to deliver Marta's snack or soda when she inserted her money and made her selection. Marta's experience BEST illustrates

extinction

Chrissie drinks cola every day. She texts the codes printed on the bottle caps to a reward center. For every 40 codes she texts, she receives a free bottle of soda. Chrissie's behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule

fixed-ratio

Frederick is working over the summer at an orchard, where he gets paid a set amount for each bushel he picks. Frederick is being reinforced on what schedule

fixed-ratio

Ivan Pavlov investigated how organisms

form associations between stimuli

Stimulus _____ occurs when a stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response

generalization

Stimulus _____ occurs when a stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus evokes the conditioned response.

generalization

Kareem no longer responds when his mother yells his name since he has become accustomed to hearing it. He is demonstrating a basic form of learning called

habituation

Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that they both

increase desired behavior

"I've got it!" John exclaims when he finally cracks a brain-teaser problem he's been working on. John is experiencing

insight

Kohler

insight learning

Cognitive maps are created through a process called

latent learning

Jordan recalls her trip to Paris last year. She can remember the smells, sights, and sounds of the streets she walked each morning. She learned this information via

latent learning

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness

observation al learning

learning by observing and imitating others

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In Tolman's terms, Neil is using a cognitive

map

Congnition

mental processes, thinking, judging, problem solving, and remembering

Roxanne watches her older sister play soccer and tries to replicate how she moves the ball between her feet. Roxanne's older sister is a

model

Which pairing correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study

neutral stimulus - rat

According to meta-analyses on the relationship between spanking and various outcomes, the conclusion for parents is to

not spank their child since most studies find spanking is associated with negative outcomes

Ratio schedules of reinforcement deliver reinforcers based on

number of behaviors

"Attention! Memory! Ability! Motivation!" This slogan identifies the foundations of

observational learning

Albert Bandura

observational learning

Zack imitates his trainer's stance when he performs a weightlifting exercise. In this instance, Zack is demonstrating

observational learning

Bandura is associated with _____, while Tolman is associated with _____

observational learning; latent learning

Shaping

observing the behaviors of one organism and providing reinforcement if the organism performs at a required level.

Absalom receives a new "Make Your Own Marker" set for his birthday, and his mother tells him to wait to use it until she can help him. He disobeys her and gets the ink all over his bedroom carpet. Absalom is then punished with a 30-minute timeout, and he loses his marker making kit. Absalom's mother is teaching him through the process of

operant conditioning

Thorndike and Skinner pioneered the study of

operant conditioning

Negative reinforcement and negative punishment have _____ effects on behavior

opposite

In operant conditioning, _____ refers to adding something to the situation, while _____ refers to removing something from a situation

positive; negative

Hannah is in middle school. Her father treats her to a chocolate sundae each time she brings home a straight-A report card. Hannah's Dad is providing _____ reinforcement

primary

Research by Cole and his colleagues (2008) and Greitemeyer (2009) indicates that prosocial media messages can encourage

prosocial thoughts as well as prosocial behavior

Juan developed a conditioned taste aversion to ranch potato chips when he had the stomach flu last year. Now he gets nauseous just seeing a bag of ranch potato chips. The CS is the _____ and the CR is the _____

ranch potato chips; nausea

In a Skinner box, a rat receives food pellets when it presses a lever. This example illustrates

reinforcement

Chelsea's mother gives her money when she makes the honor roll at her high school. Chelsea's mother is providing a(n)

reinforcer

operant conditioning, extinction

removal of the reinforcement removes the response

In operant conditioning, negative punishment is the _____ of something _____

removal; pleasant

In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement is the _____ of something _____

removal; unpleasant

operant conditioning, spontaneous recovery

reoccurrence of a once extinguished response

The Bobo doll study showed that children were more likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors, and less likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behaviors

rewarded; punished

Facebook "likes" are an example of a(n) _____ reinforcer

secondary

In a replication of the "Bobo doll" study conducted by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961), children observe an adult model behave aggressively toward a doll. The children then observe another adult tell the model, "Good job!" The model received _____ reinforcement for behaving aggressively

secondary

Money is an example of a(n) _____ reinforcer

secondary

Victor holds doors open for attractive female classmates because they usually smile when he does so. Victor's behavior is maintained by _____ reinforcement

secondary

Marc never does his homework. His mother begins reinforcing him with additional "screen time" whenever he simply sits at his desk after dinner. After a week, she reinforces him only when he opens his books and notebooks. One week later, she reinforces him only when he completes at least a portion of his assigned homework. Marc's mother is using

shaping

Observational learning is also called

social learning

positive punishment

something disagreeable applied following a certain behavior

Meg develops a hypodermic needle phobia following a painful, bruising injection. However, Meg develops no fear of other sharp objects such as sewing needles, scissors, or knives. Meg's example demonstrates

stimulus discrimination

Juan developed a conditioned taste aversion to ranch potato chips when he had the stomach flu last year. Now he gets nauseous just seeing a bag of ranch potato chips. The US is the _____ and the UR is the _____

stomach flu; vomiting

negative punishment

taking away something pleasant for punishment

applied behavior analysis

term for behavior modification

modeling

the act of observing and imitating others

instinctive drift

the tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

A loud noise automatically elicits a startle response. In this instance, being startled is a(n)

unconditioned response

A loud noise automatically elicits a startle response. In this instance, the loud noise is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

During the classical conditioning process, a neutral stimulus is paired with a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful

unconditioned stimulus

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, the light would be described as a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

behavior modification

use of techniques to create changes in behavior (reinforcing good habits)

Edward Tolman, animals

used rats and timed through maze, and saw that they had learned the maze

On the first day of class, Professor Rollins tells her students that their grades will be determined by 8 quizzes randomly spread throughout the semester, occurring approximately once every 5 class days. Dr. Rollins will be giving delicious treats to students who pass these quizzes; she has put her students on a blank______ schedule of reinforcement

variable-interval

Operant conditioning applies to _____ behavior and involves associations between _____

voluntary; behavior and consequences