Chapter 5- Psychology

Which of the following statements is true about taste aversions?

The unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a

Variable-amount-of-time-has-passed

__________psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.

cognitive

​In _________, a client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed.

systematic-desensitization

​Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence_____.

​contributes to aggression among people

Describe an example of how fear can be learned by classical conditioning.

An example of how fear can be learned through Classical Conditioning was Little Albert. Where he developed a fear to the rat because of a stimulus was used to evoke fear while the child pet the rat. In this case it was sound that was the second stimulus that caused fear to the first the rat,

A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a floatation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?

Flooding

​In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some ratswere trained to run through mazes forstandard food goals,while other rats wereallowed to roam freely for 10 days in the same mazes without food goals orother rewards. Later, when food rewardswere placed in a box at the far end of the maze,the previouslyunrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly asthe rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This shows that the rats had the ability to form_____ of their surroundings.

Cognitive Mapping

Describe the applications of operant conditioning with example

Operant-Conditioning is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the affects of the behavior. Examples: Operant Behavior are that children learn to conform to social rules in order to gain approval from their parents or adults. On the other side children can also act out of disobedience gets them recognized Another example is recognition for a job well done in the workplace.

Which of the following is a suggestion by cognitive psychologists about the behavior of people?

People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.

Which of the following is true about primary reinforcers?

Primary reinforcers are effective because of an organism's biological makeup. A primary reinforcer is an unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of an organism and not on learning. See 5-3: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

_______________________ is an application of operant conditioning that assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps; these steps can be shaped individually and then combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain.

Programmed-Learning

Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known as _____.

generalization

__________is a procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.

higher-order-conditioning

​Learning that is hidden or concealed is known as

latent-learning

_________is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior.

shaping

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because__________.

spontaneous-recovery-of-extinguished-conditioned-responses-can-occur

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces__________of the goal.

successive-approximations Rationale: In this scenario, Carl reinforces successive approximations of the goal. Successive approximations are behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior. See 5-3: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

According to behaviorists, _____ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that arises from practice or experience.

learning

​As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.

model

​In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a

model Rationale: Analysis:In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is amodel.See "Cognitive Factors in Learning" from chapter 5 for more information.

In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do things because

of-the-consequences-of-their-behavior

The behavior that manipulates the environment is called

operant-behavior Rationale: The behavior that manipulates the environment is called operant behavior. See "Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What" from chapter 5 for more information.

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of _________.

operant-conditioning

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

operant-conditioning

During fishing trips, Laurence casts his hook and waits for a fish to take the bait. He waits patiently as the fish can bite at any time. In this scenario, Laurence is on a__________.

variable-interval-schedule Rationale: In this scenario, Laurence is on a variable-interval schedule. A variable-interval schedule is a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available. See 5-3: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

In the context of operant conditioning,gamblers at slot machines win on a

variable-ratio-schedule

is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced.

Continuous-reinforcement

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE Negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed. See 5-3: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

Behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment is known as conditioned behavior. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE Rationale: Operant behavior is behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment. See 5-3: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.

Explain extinction and spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning.

Your Answer: Both extinction and spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning have some similarity's to extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning. However, The extinction of learned responses results from the repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcements. Likewise, Spontaneous recovery is adaptive due to the fact that reinforcers may once again become available after time lapses.

_______________ is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

reflex

​After being conditioned to fear a white rat due to a childhood incident, Albert began fearing all furry objects, such as rabbits and fur coats. Albert's fear of furry objects is due to _____.

Albert was conditioned to generalization

Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known a

Bethany's dog learned generalization

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

Clara gets a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore. Rationale: Clara getting a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore illustrates continuous reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced. See 5-3: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

What is classical conditioning? Discuss the components of classical conditioning.

Classical Conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another. It is involuntary, automatic learning. The components of classical conditioning involve automatic reflex to certain stimuli. Behaviorist explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of publicly observable conditions of learning. A condition where one stimuli evokes a reaction. While cognitive psychologists view classical conditioning as the learning of relationships among events.

​In conditioning, _________is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

In conditioning "generalization" Rationale: Analysis:In conditioning, generalization is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.See "Classical Conditioning: Learning What is Linked to What" from chapter 5 for more information.

_________is a procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.

higher-order-conditioning

Justin plays for his high-school soccer team. He practices scoring touchdowns every day. During matches against other schools, he manages to score an average of three out of every five touchdowns he attempts. In this context, Justin gets__________for his efforts.

partial-reinforcement

In__________, a client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed.

systematic-desensitization

Contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when__________.

the-conditioned-stimulus-provides-information-about-the-unconditioned-stimulus

​In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do things because__

​of the consequences of their behavior

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because

​spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.