Chapter 5 Pyschology

Little Albert

Watson, made a loud noise and brought a white rabbit. UCS - loud noise UCR - scream CS - rabbit CR- scream when he sees a rabbit or anything white and fluffy

unconditioned stimulus UCS

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response ex. altoid

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. ex. stop sign or door knob

punishment by removal

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus ex. putting a child in time out

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred. ex. a person who has been hit from behind in a car accident wil spend the next few weeks cringing every time another car gets close to the rear of the car

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus ex.getting money for working

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus ex. having a headache and taking tylenol

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response ex. vending machine, every time you put the money in you get the chips or candy

shaping

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior ex. training a dog to jump through a hula hoop by giving him treats when he goes through the hoop a little bit at a time

Kohler insight

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. ex. everything is falling apart in your house but you don't know why, so you move into another house.

Partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction ex. extra credit for prayer , you keep trying to remind but you never know when you are going to get it.

Seligman's depressed learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from the situation because of history of repeated failures in the past. ex. someone who is abused but doesn't leave the relationship.

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus similarly to the original condition of the stimulus ex. person who has anxiety w/ dentist drill so they associate anything that sounds like that as the dentist

stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) ex. a person who is afraid of a bulldog won't be afraid of a Chihuahua

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior. ex. a gold start applied to a child's chart on the wall

Token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens ex. those who are rewarded for working fr money, which they then trade for food, and shelter

Tolman's maze running rat

used rats to represent clinical behaviors of men. A hungry rat was put at the entrance of a maze, wandering through it until he gets to the food. In the maze, there are true segment paths and blind alleys. Trials for every rat reoccurred every 24 hours. The more trials the rats completed, the fewer errors, which he characterized by the rat avoiding the blind alleys. They made as well as taking less time to complete the maze and get to their goal which was their food. ex

Bandura's Bobo Doll

A doll experiment used to demonstrate the impact of observing an adult model performing aggressive behavior on the later aggressive behavior of children. ex. child getting into a fight at school because they see their parents fighting all the time.

Cognitive learning theory

An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. ex. insight, latent learning, learned helplessness.

unconditioned response (UCR)

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulis ex. desk falling

operant

any behavior that is voluntary.

reinforcer

any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again. ex

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again. ex. not letting a child to go out with friends

reinforcement

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again ex. avoiding a tiresome chore, like doing the dishes, and say you'll do anything to get out of doing that chore.

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, ex. as praise, tokens, or gold stars

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by a meeting a basic biological need, ex. hunger, thirst, or touch

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person ex. kids standing in line for a shot.... one child cries and everyone else starts crying

Aversive conditioning(Garcia)

conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus. ex. green peas, associate it with getting sick

conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association ex. pepsi b/c i threw up.

conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, EX. a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

conditioned response (CR)

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus ex. a student being used to the bell ringing so they get up and get ready to leave

observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior ex. a dog barking, all the other dogs hear it, so they start barking too.

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful. ex. when you move on to a new math concept.

Classical conditioning

learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex ex. the dog meat and the bell ex. UCS - lemonade powder UCR - salivating CS - Pavlov CR - the drool after saying Pavlov

cognitive perspective

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. ex

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired witha neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. ex. finger snap making dog salivate (Pavlov)

stimulus substitution

original theory in wich Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together. ex. the ringing of a bell eventually produced the same response as food for Pavlov's dogs.

biological preparedness

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning. ex. mammals finding food by smell and taste and will learn to avoid something that will make them ill.

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible different for each trial or event ex. pop quizzes

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same. ex. receiving a paycheck once every two weeks but only if they show up to work in those two weeks

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same ex. when you get a card that gets ten hole punches you get a free sandwich.

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event. ex.rat might be expected to push the bar an average of 20 times to get reinforcement.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus ex. the sound

neutral stimulus NS

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response ex. the rabbit (Little Albert)

extinction

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) ex. dinosaur

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

Law of Effect

the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences ex. a cat simply continuing to rub and push in the same general area that led to food and freedom the last time, each time getting out and fed a little more quickly.

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus ex. a spanking