Chapter 5 Quiz

The Office of National Drug Control Policy spelled out a specific, precise goal to reduce the number of deaths by drug overdoses from 70,237 in 2017, to 66,023 in 2019, to

59,701 in 2022

Who was the chief proponent of the negative reinforcement theory?

Alfred Lindesmith

_________, as developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton, argues that deviant behavior, illicit drug use included takes place when avenues to material success are blocked off.

Anomie theory

Which of the following is true of the positive reinforcement theory of psychological explanations of drug abuse?

Ongoing, even compulsive, use and abuse of a drug does not require the mechanism of a literal physical addiction.

_________argues that deviance and crime will take place to the extent that three factors are present: (1) a motivated offender, (2) something worth offending against, and (3) a capable guardian.

Routine activity theory

The _________within the sociological theories of drug use/deviance/crime, formulated by James Wilson and George Kelling, uses structural level social control as its explanation.

broken windows theory

The Office of National Drug Control Policy spelled out a specific, precise goal to reduce opioid prescription refills from 154 billion milligrams of _________, to 119 in 2019 and 102 in 2022.

morphine

Which of the following professionals study how drugs alter cognitive and emotional processes and behavior?

psychopharmacologists

A major variety of the inadequate-personality approach is the _________, which holds that drug use and abuse are responses to peer rejection, parental neglect, high expectations for achievement, school failure, physical stigmata, social stigmata, impaired sex-role identity, ego deficiencies, low coping abilities, and coping mechanisms that are socially disvalued and/or are otherwise self-defeating.

self-derogation perspective

Most sociological theories, attempting to explain drug usage, tend to focus on _________, the arrangements within which persons are located differ, such as cities, neighborhoods, time periods, social conditions, or countries.

structural differences