Chapter 5

Intellectual disability affects approximately __________ percent of children ages 3 to 17 years old in the United States.

1

social or pragmatic communication disorder

A child does not make eye contact or use appropriate body language when speaking with others.

childhood-onset fluency disorder or stuttering

A child speaks phrases like: "I wa-- wa-- wa-- want to g--- g--- g--- go too."

language disorder

An older child says phrases like; "I goed to the store tomorrow."

speech sound disorder

An older child says phrases like; "My dwess is wed."

A comprehensive perspective to developmental-related biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences is referred to as the Blank______ perspective.

Correct: -biopsychosocial Incorrect: -psychosocial -biosocial -genetic

Which of the following are changes that occurred when the DSM-5 was finalized?

Correct: -"Autistic spectrum disorder" replaced "autistic disorder." -"Specific learning disorder" replaced separate disorders such as mathematical skills disorder. -"Intellectual disability" replaced "mental retardation." Incorrect: -Asperger's disorder received its own separate category.

In the US alone, the estimated costs associated with the care of people with intellectual disability are about Blank______.

Correct: -$51 billion Incorrect: -$1 trillion -$110 billion -$255 million

The most current estimated prevalence rate of autism spectrum behavior in the US is

Correct: -1 out of 54 Incorrect: -1 out of 337 -1 out of 1,243 -1 out of a 153,000

Approximately what percent of the world's population has an intellectual disability?

Correct: -1% Incorrect: -25% -10% -40%

The prevalence of FAS in the United States is estimated at approximately Blank______ out of 1,000 children.

Correct: -30 Incorrect: -10 -100 -25

It is estimated that the heritability of ADHD is as high as Blank______.

Correct: -90% Incorrect: -52% -100% -37%

______ therapies for treating ADHD can specifically help clients change maladaptive thought patterns.

Correct: -Cognitive-behavioral Incorrect: -Psychoanalytic -Humanistic -Behavioral

Which of the following are genetic abnormalities that can cause an intellectual disability?

Correct: -Down syndrome -fragile X syndrome -phenylketonuria Incorrect: -fetal alcohol syndrome -sexually transmitted infections

An extra copy of chromosome 21 leads to the congenital disorder known as:

Correct: -Down's syndrome Incorrect: -fetal alcohol syndrome -fragile X syndrome -phenylketonuria

Psychoeducation can be beneficial for persons with ADHD because:

Correct: -It helps them develop coping strategies. -It helps them understand the impact of ADHD on their daily functioning. -It gives them hope and optimism.

Which of the following are advantages to extended-release medications?

Correct: -People are less likely to forget to take them. -They are less likely to be abused. Incorrect: -They are less expensive. -People can tolerate them better.

______ therapies can be useful in treating ADHD by helping the client set treatment goals, resolve conflicts, and solve problems.

Correct: -Psychological Incorrect: -Genetic -Educational -Medical

The DSM-5 reorganized disorders of childhood by labeling a large group of conditions with the term neurodevelopmental. What are some criticisms of this change?

Correct: -Putting ADHD into this category implies that ADHD should be treated biologically with medication. -This term attributes many disorders to a biological cause, instead of acknowledging multiple factors. Incorrect: -Putting ADHD into this category implies that ADHD should be treated psychologically. -This term implies that all intellectual disabilities should be treated with medication.

Which of the following medications are used to treat Tourette's disorder?

Correct: -SSRIs -atypical antipsychotic agents Incorrect: -antihistamines -anti-inflammatory agents

Which of the following is not true of people with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder?

Correct: -Those with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder are less likely than lower-functioning children to try to make friends. Incorrect: -Those with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder have a difficult time reading the social cues of others. -Children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder tend to be preoccupied with a narrow set of interests. -Those with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder have difficulty interpreting the subtleties of language

A serious problem that may develop in adults with ADHD is

Correct: -a tendency to engage in antisocial behavior. Incorrect: -a dissociative disorder. -the appearance of hallucinations. -the development of delusions.

Walter, who is 45, has been dyslexic since he was a child. He has had problems academically and also in finding and maintaining a job. What would be the best intervention for Walter?

Correct: -a vocational rehabilitation program Incorrect: -intensive tutoring in reading -intensive psychotherapy -intensive group therapy

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) can directly cause which of the following?

Correct: -abnormal facial features -intellectual deficits -slower growth patterns Incorrect: -abnormal facial features intellectual deficits slower growth patterns

Which of the following are considered environmental stressors?

Correct: -acquired brain damage -exposure to toxic substances -marital difficulties of parents Incorrect: -genes relating to dopamine

Instead of methylphenidate, sometimes Blank______ medications are prescribed to treat ADHD.

Correct: -antidepressant Incorrect: -antihistamine -antipsychotic -anti-anxiety

If positive test results are found in an infant's blood test post-delivery for phenylketonuria (PKU), which foods and artificial ingredients with amino acids should be avoided due to the risk of developmental delays and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Correct: -aspartame -eggs -milk Incorrect: -fish oil

The neurodevelopmental disorder involving a persistent pattern of inattention is known as which of the following?

Correct: -attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Incorrect: -Rett syndrome -high-functioning autism spectrum disorder -Down syndrome

Children previously diagnosed with Rett syndrome prior to DSM-5 would be now be diagnosed with:

Correct: -autism spectrum disorder Incorrect: -ADHD -borderline personality disorder -pica

Anton, a five-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder, is considered a musical prodigy. While showing little interest in social interaction, and displaying a severe impairment in speech, he can play incredibly difficult piano pieces at a professional level and totally from memory. Anton is displaying

Correct: -autistic savant syndrome. Incorrect: -musical prodigy syndrome. -musical dexterity syndrome. -artistic savant syndrome.

The DSM-5 places the condition formerly known as Asperger's disorder in the category of

Correct: -autistic spectrum disorder. Incorrect: -hearing impaired spectrum. -anxiety spectrum disorder. -intellectual disabilities.

Brian was recently diagnosed with an intellectual developmental disability, and his mother is looking for the best early intervention program. Brian would likely benefit from help with all of the following except

Correct: -avoiding immunizations Incorrect: -motor coordination. -language. -social skills training.

For children with stereotypic movement disorder who are the most impaired, Blank______ appears to be the most effective intervention.

Correct: -behavior modification Incorrect: -cognitive therapy -Rapid Eye Movement therapy -deep brain stimulation

Barkley found that adults with ADHD are prone to all of the following problems except

Correct: -being overly focused on work. Incorrect: -committing crimes. -lower occupational status. -impaired academic functioning.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) can cause damage to the central nervous system, developmental delays, hyperactivity, and seizures, but it can be diagnosed shortly after birth with a simple Blank______ test.

Correct: -blood Incorrect: -IQ -muscle -allergy

Beatriz was diagnosed with stereotypic movement disorder. Which of the following did she likely display?

Correct: -body rocking -picking at her skin -head-banging Incorrect: -hallucinations

The most important component of an intervention for a specific learning disorder is

Correct: -building on the child's strengths. Incorrect: -using the most current learning technology. -working to increase the child's overall IQ. -using the least amount of structure the child can tolerate.

While the reason for rising prevalence rates for autism spectrum disorder is not fully known, Danish researchers believe the reason for increasing rates in their country is

Correct: -changes in reporting practices. Incorrect: -poorer air quality. -increased drug use among mothers. -poorer water quality.

Under the umbrella of autism spectrum disorder, the DSM-5 combines which of the following?

Correct: -childhood disintegrative disorder -autistic disorder -pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified -Asperger's disorder Incorrect: -intermittent explosive disorder

Individuals with ADHD can be diagnosed as:

Correct: -combined type predominately -hyperactive-impulsive -predominately inattentive

Disorders that were moved to entirely different categories in the DSM-5 include which of the following?

Correct: -conduct disorder -separation anxiety disorder -pica and rumination disorders -oppositional defiant disorder Incorrect: -intellectual developmental disorders

Each of the following are side effects of the stimulants used to treat ADHD except

Correct: -decreased blood pressure Incorrect: -difficulty sleeping. -reduced appetite.

The core feature of specific learning disorders is thought to be

Correct: -deficits in planning and programming of behavior. Incorrect: -intellectual deficits. -deficits in motor control across the brain. -deficits in visual perceptions.

Symptoms of high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (formerly called Asperger's syndrome) include which of the following?

Correct: -difficulty interpreting language subtleties -preoccupation with a narrow set of interests -difficulty reading the social cues of others Incorrect: -reluctance to engage in conversations

Children with autism spectrum disorder have which of the following social interaction patterns?

Correct: -do not engage in the usual give-and-take with others -do not share experiences -do not seem to enjoy playing with others Incorrect: -do not prefer to be or play alone

The DSM-5 authors moved many childhood disorders to different categories because

Correct: -doing so acknowledges the continuity of behavior from infancy through adulthood. Incorrect: -the symptoms seemed to fit more properly in the new categories. -this system arranges the disorders according to the most effective type of therapy. -most disorders begin in childhood; therefore, it makes no sense to categorize only a few of them as "childhood disorders." (Most disorders do not necessarily begin in childhood. The DSM-5 changes acknowledge the continuity of behavior from infancy through adulthood)

Which of the following is not an area of impaired functioning according to Barkley's ADHD theory?

Correct: -emotional awareness Incorrect: -self-regulation of affect, motivation, and arousal. -internalization of self-directed speech -reconstitution of behavior

Each of the following are symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease except

Correct: -excessive talking. Incorrect: -paralysis. -deafness and blindness. -developmental delays.

Adults with ADHD have trouble organizing tasks, make careless mistakes, lose things, and perform poorly on tasks that require them to prioritize activities. These deficiencies reflect abnormalities in Blank______ functioning.

Correct: -executive Incorrect: -personality -motor -behavioral

Cognitive deficits associated with FAS is the result of damage to the Blank______ areas of the brain.

Correct: -frontal Incorrect: -occipital -parietal -verbal

According to Barkley's research, children with ADHD have not developed a Blank______ orientation or a sense of self across time.

Correct: -future Incorrect: -past -spatial -cognitive

Teachers and clinicians are more likely to miss a diagnosis of ADHD in Blank______.

Correct: -girls Incorrect: -boys -adolescents -children

The main difference between the symptoms of ADHD in children and adults is that adults

Correct: -have difficulties maintaining attentional focus. Incorrect: -have problems with restlessness. -have difficulties with impulsivity. -have problems staying still.

Based on the DSM-5, if 15-year old Andre has impairment in adaptive functioning and an IQ of 75,

Correct: -he will not be diagnosed with intellectual disability. Incorrect: -he will be diagnosed with intellectual disability only if he also has language deficits. -he will be diagnosed with intellectual disability. -he will be diagnosed with intellectual disability only if he also has academic deficits.

The condition formerly known as Asperger's disorder is now classified in the DSM-5 as

Correct: -high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Incorrect: -childhood disintegrative disorder. -Rett syndrome. -intellectual developmental disorder.

Previously, intellectual development disability was classified according to intelligence test scores. In contrast, the DSM-5 classifies levels of severity based on how well the individual can adapt

Correct: -in conceptual, social, and practical domains. Incorrect: -in a changing environment. -to various levels of difficulty in school work. -to functioning away from the family.

In what ways is physical health affected by Down's Syndrome?

Correct: -increased likelihood of heart defects -increased risk of eye cataracts -increased risk of developing Alzheimer's in middle age Incorrect: -excessive height and low weight

Individuals who have intellectual disability that first became evident during childhood would be diagnosed with which of the following?

Correct: -intellectual disability Incorrect: -mental retardation disorder -intellectual impairment disorder -intellectual deficit disorder (There is no "Intellectual Deficit Disorder" in the DSM V)

Communication disorders include which of the following?

Correct: -language disorder -childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) -speech sound disorder Incorrect: -night terrors and sleep apnea

To develop more independent life skills and reach higher levels of functioning, individuals with intellectual disability can benefit from training in which areas?

Correct: -language use -social skills -motor coordination Incorrect: -social gaming

Which of the following factors lead to increased risk of a child developing a learning disorder?

Correct: -lower socioeconomic status -being adopted -second-hand smoke exposure -growing up in a two-parent stepfamily Incorrect: -being exposed to reading at an early age

Children with intellectual disabilities can benefit from which of the following?

Correct: -mainstreaming -involvement in special education -peer training Incorrect: -being removed from their families and placed in a carefully structured environment

The first class of stimulant medication used to effectively treat ADHD was Blank______.

Correct: -methylphenidate Incorrect: -benzodiazepine -antihistamine -phenothiazine

Animal studies suggest that the long term use of stimulant medication to treat ADHD

Correct: -might have effects on cognitive functioning that outweigh the benefits. Incorrect: -can increase growth significantly. -seems to protect against substance abuse in the future. -can lead to premature death.

Tapping their fingers incessantly or twisting their bodies around in unusual poses are examples of what type of deficiency commonly found in people with autism spectrum disorder?

Correct: -motor behavior Incorrect: -interest patterns -communication patterns -social behavior

Disorders that usually begin in early in childhood and involve deficits in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning are called Blank______ disorders.

Correct: -neurodevelopmental Incorrect: -neurocognitive -neuroleptic -neurochildhood

Each of the following are criteria needed to diagnose intellectual disability except

Correct: -presence of a personality disorder. Incorrect: -deficits in general intellectual abilities. -onset before 18 years of age. -impairments in adaptive functioning.

A child that has been diagnosed with intellectual disability has no understanding of symbolic communication in speech or gestures. Most likely he would be rated as having a Blank______ inability to engage in social interaction.

Correct: -profound Incorrect: -mild -moderate -severe

All of the following are interventions used to treat Tourette's disorder except Multiple choice question.

Correct: -psychoanalysis. Incorrect: -medications. -cognitive-behavioral therapy. -deep brain stimulation.

Children whose ADHD is not treated may experience all of the following long-term problems except

Correct: -reduced intelligence Incorrect: -behavior problems. -academic problems. -interpersonal problems

Which of the following are characteristics of tic disorder?

Correct: -repeated involuntary movement -facial twitches -repeated involuntary vocalization Incorrect: -post-traumatic stress disorder

Which of the following are examples of cognitive interventions for intellectual disability?

Correct: -repeating information -breaking a problem down into parts -using concrete examples Incorrect: -reinforcing correct answers with tokens or candy

Which approach is considered to be the best way to identify children with a specific learning disorder?

Correct: -response to intervention Incorrect: -reflection on deficits -cognitive behavioral -humanistic

What is the most common setting for interventions for specific learning disorders?

Correct: -school Incorrect: -home -outpatient mental health center -learning disorder center

Barkley developed a scale to measure executive functioning in adults. Which of the following are not measured areas in his scale?

Correct: -self-actualization -self-determination Incorrect: -problem-solving -self-discipline -self-motivation

Recent research on the brains of people with autism spectrum disorder suggests a deficiency in the

Correct: -sharing of information between the two hemispheres. Incorrect: -processing of information in the hippocampus. -releasing of neurotransmitters at the synapses. -reticular formation.

The early signs of developmental coordination disorders include troubles in all of the following except

Correct: -sleeping Incorrect: -sitting. -crawling -walking.

Children who experience a delay or deficit in their ability to acquire a basic, specific academic skill that would be expected based on their age meet the criteria for a DSM-5 diagnosis of a(n)

Correct: -specific learning disorder. Incorrect: -intellectual disability. -augmented learning disorder. -general learning disorder.

Adults with ADHD are prone to developing

Correct: -substance abuse disorders. Incorrect: -somatic disorders. -psychotic disorders. -dissociative disorders.

Hyperactivity is expressed by which of the following?

Correct: -talking excessively -interrupting -extreme restlessness Incorrect: -committing misdemeanor crimes while in elementary school

Which of the following is likely to reduce the national economic cost of intellectual disabilities?

Correct: -teaching adaptive skills to children with these disorders -maternal and child health interventions Incorrect: -college preparatory courses -reducing the number of expectant mothers who receive blood tests for these disorders

The theory that ADHD has biological underpinnings is bolstered by which of the following?

Correct: -the discovery of abnormal brain structures in people with ADHD -the high probability of inheriting the disorder -molecular genetic studies Incorrect: -the fact that the ADHD symptomatology manifests only in certain environments

Clinicians might use antidepressant medications to treat ADHD if any of the following conditions exist except

Correct: -the individual has severe ADHD symptoms. Incorrect: -there are medical conditions which contraindicate the use of stimulants -the individual has mild ADHD symptoms. -the ADHD coexists with anxiety or depression.

What are the two domains that are evaluated to diagnose autism spectrum disorder?

Correct: -the individual's interests and behavior -disturbances in social relationships and communication Incorrect: -the individual's intellectual level -the presence of a thought disorder

Which are true of adolescents diagnosed with ADHD?

Correct: -they are more likely to develop substance abuse disorders -they are more likely to develop depressive disorders Incorrect: -they tend to be leaders. -they tend to have higher grades.

Adults with specific learning disorders often benefit from

Correct: -vocational rehabilitation programs. Incorrect: -group psychotherapy. -going back to secondary school. -individual psychotherapy.

Which of the following are true of Rett syndrome?

Correct: It has some of the same symptoms as autism spectrum disorder. -The child begins to show neurological and cognitive impairments after 4 years of age. Incorrect: -It occurs almost exclusively in males. -It is a purely psychological disorder that seldom affects girls.

Currently, the use of psychotherapeutic medications has been more successful than psychological approaches in the treatment of Rett syndrome.

False

Approximately 20% of children have a diagnosed learning disorder.

False (Approximately 8% of children have a diagnosed learning disorder)

Children with autism spectrum disorder seem to do well with imitative play with other children.

False (Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty engaging in the type of imitative play patterns that characterize the ordinary social interactions of young children in which they copy each other as they share toys and play games.)

Which of the following is true? Multiple choice question. -Research suggests ADHD is caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. -Research suggests ADHD is primarily caused by genetic factors. -Research suggests ADHD is primarily caused by environmental factors. -Research suggests ADHD is not caused by genetic or environmental factors.

Research suggests ADHD is caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors.

A neurodevelopmental disorder in which the child develops normally early in life, and then shows neurological and cognitive impairments is called __________ syndrome.

Rett

__________ disorder is characterized by a combination of chronic motor and vocal tics, and can include uncontrollable movements of the head and the uttering of vocalizations that sound odd to others.

Tourette's

In peer-motivated interventions, an exchange of pictures may serve as a form of communication.

True

Individuals with Down syndrome are vulnerable to developing major depressive disorder.

True

Some epidemiologists believe the prevalence of FAS in the United States and Europe is 1 to 5 percent of the population.

True

Token economies can be an effective behavioral intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder.

True

Tay-Sachs disease has genetic links and is most common in Ashkenazi Jews.

True (Tay-Sachs is most common in Ashkenazi Jews, who are of Eastern European descent.)

Teratogens include chemicals, infections, drugs, malnutrition, carbon monoxide, and toxic substances that can cause intellectual disability during fetal development.

True (Teratogens often cause a fetus to develop an intellectual disability.)

The biopsychosocial model includes sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors.

True (The disorders that we have covered in this chapter include a range of conditions that reflect, combinations of biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences.)

The DSM-5 has changed the DSM-IV-TR's previous terminology of autistic disorder to __________ __________ disorder to better differentiate the wide range of deficits in communication and social development.

autism syndrome

Developmental __________ disorder causes impairments in movement, academic achievement, and ability to engage in daily living tasks.

coordination

The common term for specific learning disorder with impairment in reading is __________.

dyslexia

A speech pattern in which a person with autism spectrum disorder repeats the same sounds over and over again is called __________.

echolalia

The main cognitive deficits observed in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) relate to __________ functions, such as mental manipulations, attention control, judgment, and impulse control.

executive

Susan is 8 weeks pregnant and drinks alcohol regularly. Susan becomes concerned about her baby's brain development when she learns that her consumption of alcohol can put her baby at risk for developing __________ __________ syndrome.

fetal alcohol

specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression

has difficulty spelling, properly using grammatical or punctuation rules, and organizing paragraphs

specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics

has difficulty with tasks and concepts relying on numbers and numerical reasoning

The core features of ADHD are persistent patterns of __________ and/or __________.

inattention, hyperactivity

The DSM-IV-TR used the term mental retardation, but the DSM-5 uses __________ disability.

intellectual

Unlike boys, girls with ADHD tend to __________ their symptoms.

internalize

A method of treatment useful for toddlers in inclusive classrooms is called __________.

naturalistic/developmental/behavioral interventions

Disorders that begin early in life and remain with the individual throughout life are known as __________ disorders.

neurodevelopmental

specific learning disorder with impairment in reading

omits, distorts, or substitutes words when reading

In __________ interventions, other children, rather than adults, interact with the child.

peer-mediated

Treatment that integrates psychotherapeutic with educational interventions is known as __________.

psychoeducation

Some individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders can also display extraordinary numerical or artistic skills, which can be further classified as autistic __________ syndrome.

savant

Although Violet has an IQ in the normal range and does well in other academic subjects, she has a severe deficit in her ability to read. She will most likely be diagnosed with a __________ __________ disorder.

specific learning

Environmental hazards that are secondary causes of intellectual disabilities (including drugs, toxic chemicals, malnutrition, and infections) are called __________.

teratogen