Chapter 5

Which of the following is the best definition of learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience

An important researcher of observation learning was

Albert Bandura.

dorothy is trying to decide if she should buy her children a new video game. According to research on watching violent TV, what should Dorothy do?

Dorothy should not purchase a video game that includes violence if she wants to possibly reduce aggressive play.

Which American researcher was studying operant conditioning when classical conditioning was being investigated in Russia?

Edward Thorndike

Joshua went to a party with his friends where there were flashing lights, loud music, burning incense, and food. Later that night Joshua started to vomit. Which scenario best illustrates the concept of biopreparedness?

Joshua believed that he vomited due to the food at the party.

Ms. Baldwin has been teaching Isaac how to subtract in school. Although he has been struggling to accurately complete math problems during class, he does well on his test on subtraction. Which of the following research findings on latent learning explains Isaac's test performance?

Learning takes place but is not obvious until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

What is the removal of an undesirable stimulus?

Negative reinforcement

Which one of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Rahul shouts at his 4-year-old niece each time she spills food on the table while eating.

Following a delay after extinction trials, the conditioned response will reappear temporarily. What is this event called?

Spontaneous recovery

Which of the following is a procedure used to treat phobias by associating a new response with a feared stimulus?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following is the best definition for escape conditioning?

The process in which the subject learns to make a response that terminates something aversive

Compared to other countries, how do students in the United States generally perform?

They do not perform as well as students in many other countries on reading, math, and science.

Dr. Renken hypothesized that animals use complex cognitive process during learning. Which of the following research findings would best support her hypothesis?

When given a seemingly impossible task, cats suddenly realized a solution to the problem.

Dr. Rubin is interested in learning more about how pigeons learn. Which of the following research findings would support the law of effect?

When the pigeon jumped up and down two times, it was rewarded with food, increasing the likelihood of the pigeon jumping again.

David has been serving in the Army for six months in an area where soldiers have difficulty controlling the violence. According to your textbook, what relationships do researchers still need to explore that might affect David?

Whether David's lack of control in combat is related to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

The main difference between a conditioned response and an operant response is that:

a conditioned response does not affect when a stimulus occurs, whereas an operant response has some effect on the world.

Teachers use techniques such as discussion of "one-minute essays," immediate feedback on multiple choice items, and small-group problem-solving tasks in the classroom to promote

active learning

The use of systematic desensitization to treat irrational fears best illustrates an application of

classic conditioning

Conducting enough exams and quizzes throughout a term to ensure that students are reading and studying more or less continuously is an important aspect of _____.

distributed practice

Which one of the following involves students studying topics for a test in several sessions spread over time rather than in a single "cramming" session on the night before the test?

distributed practice

Jonathan's father drives him to school daily. As he has never driven to school himself, Jonathan is unsure whether he knows the route. One morning, his father leaves early to work for a meeting and he is unable to drive Jonathan to school. Therefore, Jonathan rides his bike to school, following the same route his father takes in the car. Jonathan is surprised that he knows the route quite accurately. This scenario best illustrates the concept of _____.

latent learning

Andrea, a 5-year-old, is attempting to open a jar of cookies. She tries to turn the jar's lid with all her strength, but all her efforts are in vain. After a few attempts, she decides to give up because she is convinced that it is impossible for her to open the jar. This scenario best illustrates the concept of _____.

learned helplessness

In explaining the kind behavior of a child, Bandura would have focused on the impact of

observational learning

Instead of using punishment for undesirable behavior, research suggests that the best thing to do is

reinforce more appropriate behavior

What is a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced?

reinforcement schedule

Instructional methods that emphasize active learning most often:

result in greater class participation.

Carlos was bitten by a dog when he was walking back home after school. He was badly injured and had to be hospitalized for two weeks. Ever since the incident, whenever Carlos saw a dog on television or heard someone say the word "dog," he would panic and experience shortness of breath. Carlos's fear response is most likely because of _____.

stimulus generalization

Research shows that if dogs are placed in a chamber and not allowed to escape a shock,

they eventually will not try to escape the shock.

The reduction in responsiveness to a repeatedly administered drug is called _____.

tolerance

Junaid is teaching his 3-year-old daughter the English alphabet by making her recite the letters in their correct order. He gives her a candy each time she recites the letters accurately a certain number of times. The number of accurate recitations before she receives a candy changes throughout the activity. In the context of reinforcement schedules, Junaid is most likely using a:

variable-ratio schedule.

A type of social observational learning through which a person is influenced by watching or hearing about the consequences of others' behavior is known as _____.

vicarious conditioning

Research on extinction of behavior in partial reinforcement schedules suggests that if you are in an unhealthy relationship in which your partner is occasionally nice to you,

you are less likely to leave the relationship because there is a chance that she will be nice to you again soon.