Chapter 57 Nutrition, Exercise, and Healthy Living

*Stretching*

*1.Neck muscles* *2. Calf muscles* *3. Thigh muscles; quads* *4. Outer thigh muscles* *5.Hip muscles ; hip flexor* *6. Groin muscles* *7.Back and side muscles* *8. Lower back* *9. Hamstrings* *10.Lumber muscles ; lower back* *Stretch before and after working out.*

*Glucosamine sulfate*

*A chemical naturally produced in the human body as well as in nature. It is promoted as a product to relive the pain of osteoarthritis. It reportedly promotes health cartilage formation to maintain or replace that which is worn away by age and use. New data from a long term study revealed that patients who took the supplement had outcomes similar to those who took placebo pills.*

*Melatonin*

*A hormone produced naturally in the pineal gland in the brain. It plays a part in regulating sleep patterns. As a supplement, it regulates sleep and prevents jet lag. It has also been promoted as an anti aging agent. Evidence does not seem to support its effect on sleep, and laboratory studies indicate it has antioxidant properties at much larger concentrations than in the body. No evidence exists that is slows the aging process or reduces the risk of developing cancer. A potential risk from melatonin is the resulting drowsiness that impairs function and might cause morning after headaches. It has also been reported to interfere with conception.*

*What all should be included on labels for dietary supplements?*

*A list of common ingredients and their strength, a suggested dosage, and any warning about its use.*

*Saw Palmento*

*A plant that produces berries containing phytosterol compounds that scientists think might slow down the production of male testosterone, which stimulates prostate growth. The compound is used to treat symptoms of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH). Several traditional medications are available but sometime are not effective and might cause erectile dysfunction or a decline in sexual desire. Smaller studies have suggested that saw palmento might be safe and effective for treatment of BPH, but larger studies and research between 2006 and 2009 indicate that it has not been shown to be more effective than a placebo. Saw Palmento might interact with other medications, including, birth control pills, estrogens, and anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, but there are no known interactions with food or other herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of the purity or content of the product since there is no regulation.*

*What does the body get energy from?*

*All the body's processes burn calories to provide energy and sustain life*. *The body gets energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein nutrients.*

*Echinacea*

*An herb reported to simulate the immune system to help prevent developing a cold or the flu. It has been used for centuries by native americans to treat everything from coughs to burns and snakebites. Study results have been mixed about its effectiveness in preventing or treating upper respiratory infections; two NCCAM funded studies did not find a benefit from echinacea, but other studies have shown that it might be beneficial in treating upper respiratory infections. Echinacea grows in three forms, each with a different concentration of ingredients. Benefits can also depend on which part of the plant is used: the leaf, roots, or flowers. Potential side effects include a severe allergic reaction, which indicates that all people with asthma or allergic rhinitis should avoid usage; gastrointestinal system upset; and rash. In addition some medications are changed and broken down by the liver; echinacea might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications, which might be problematic. It has also been known to increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking echinacea, patients must be instructed to speak with their provider to see if its safe for them.*

*What does copper deficiency cause?*

*Anemia in malnourished children; Menkes kinky hair syndrome.*

*Minerals*

*Are naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous, solid substances. Thirteen are said to be essential to good health and are supplied by a variety of meats and vegetables.*

*Therapeutic diets*

*Are used in treatment of patients with a specific disease or disorder. Clear liquid diet, BRAT diet ( Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast and clear liquids or water), Soft diet, Low calorie diet, low fat, no sugar, high fiber, low or no salt and low residue diets.*

*What food contains only a trace of carbohydrates?*

*Baked fish, Butter*

*What is the use of fluorine?*

*Bone and tooth formation*

*What mineral is found lacking from the diet?*

*Calcium, iron, and iodine*

*What culture uses tea for a beverage?*

*Chinese*

*What deficiency is scurvy caused from?*

*Deficiency of vitamin C or ascorbic acid*

*Hypomagnesemia*

*Deficient magnesium*

*What are the primary source of Thiamine?* Vitamin B1

*Dried yeast, whole grains, meat especially pork and liver, enriched cereal products, nuts, legumes, potatoes.*

*What total amount of calories is recommended for a healthy heart?*

*Eating no more than a total of 30 percent of calories from fat each day is recommended for a healthy heart, especially if their is a family history of heart disease.*

*What does a clear liquid diet for adults include?*

*Gatorade, clear gelatin, decaffeinated coffee and tea, clear broths, no caffeine sodas, artificially flavored drink mix, flavored frozen juice bars and treats, clear juice and water as directed by provider offered to patients at least every 2 hours the first 24 hours for patients with diarrhea.*

*What might slow the progress of Alzheimer's disease?*

*Ginko biloba* according to European studies.

*A deficiency in essential fatty acid causes what?*

*Growth cessation, dermatosis*

*Spinach*

*Has a lot of folate but also contains vitamin C, which helps the body absorb the iron in the spinach. The brighter the color the greater the nutrients.*

*Willow Bark*

*Has been used to relieve pain for more than 2,400 years. Hippocrates prescribed chewing on willow leaves to relived childbirth pain. In the second century, it was used to reduce fever and inflammation. In 1887, a Bayer chemist determined that acetylsalicylic acid / aspirin could be extracted from a willow bark related compound. Now willow bark is being sold as a natural pain relief medication. Double blind trials of 210 people with chronic low back pain determined willow bark extract to be a useful and safe treatment at least for low back pain. Again it is not controlled or standardized. The recommended maximum daily dose is 240 mg, but it should not be used by people who have problems tolerating aspirin.*

*Garlic*

*Is a food item that has been promoted as healthful. It does seem to have some ability to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, thereby preventing heart disease. It has been used for centuries to treat many conditions from TB to hemorrhoids. Lab studies suggested that garlic might help fight cancer, but human studies have not determined it lowers cancer risk. However, dietary histories of 564 Chinese people with stomach cancer were compared with 1,131 individuals without the disease. It was concluded the risk of developing stomach cancer was 60 percent lower among people who ate the most garlic.*

*Ginger*

*Is a food substance that can settle the stomach in certain instances. It has been studied for use in motion sickness, chemotherapy nausea, post surgical nausea, and morning sickness with mixed results. The research did show taking one gram dose 30 minutes before travel could be recommended.*

*Exercise*

*Is defined as physical exertion for improvement of health or correction of physical deformity.*

*Positive outlook*

*Is most helpful in coping with life in general.*

*Kosher diets are used in what culture?*

*Jewish*

*Function of Vitamin B12* cobalamins

*Maturation of RBCs; neural function; DNA synthesis, related to folate coenzymes; methionine and acetate synthesis*

*Vitamins are called what?*

*Micronutrients*

*What food has a greater source of phosphorus?*

*Milk, cheese, meat, poultry, fish, cereals, nuts, legumes.*

*What is the use of the MyPlate program?*

*Offers personalized eating plans and interactive tools to help individuals make healthy food choices. There are daily food plans for various age groups and different lifestyles and nutritional needs. It is hoped the ChooseMyplate program will encourage Americans to make healthier food choices and be active every day.*

*What are patients asked to refrain from eating?*

*Significantly reduce intake of foods containing added sugars and solid fats because these dietary components contribute excess calories and few if any nutrients. Reduce sodium. Eat fewer refined grains, especially those in foods with added sugar, solid fat and sodium.*

*Chemical Additives*

*Some enhance taste or color, whereas others prolong shelf life or the product.*

*Ginseng*

*The root of a shrub native to china and korea that has been used medicinally in many cultures for centuries. Ginseng has been used to support overall health and boost immune system. In addition it has been used to treat erectile dysfunction, hep C and menopausal symptoms; to lower blood glucose; and to control blood pressure. Studies and research have been inconclusive, but scientific investigation has failed to support its claims as an aphrodisiac. There is evidence that it improves circulation and elevates mood.*

*What is the purpose of the designation of Exchange on food labels?*

*This designation is to assist patients with diabetes in selecting food within a category; this time, it is carbohydrates to maintain their carbohydrate fat protein balance. Their dietary amounts are stated in exchanges, and they can select any foods up to their daily limit within that food category.*

*What vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?*

*Vitamin A*

*A deficiency leading to convulsions in infants is what?*

*Vitamin B6 group* *pyridoxine*

*What questions do you ask when a patient is not sleeping at night?*

*When a patient tells you he has not been getting any sleep at night, you must ask how long the patient does sleep and when the patient sleeps.*

*Hypocalcemia*

*deficient calcium*

*Hypokalemia*

*deficient potassium*

*Hyponatremia*

*deficient sodium*

*What is the main dietary source of Vitamin D?*

*fortified milk*

*Sleep*

*is the natural way the body restores itself.*

*Insomnia*

*not being able to sleep*

Purge

1. When referring to Charts, to clean out; purge files of those patients who are no longer being seen by the provider chapter 26; 2. To empty; to cleanse of impurities; clear chapter 57.

*Bulimia Nervosa*

A condition characterized by alternating periods of overeating followed by forced vomiting and the use of laxatives to remove food from the body.* The patient with bulimia eats a very large amount of food at one time but purges to rid the body of the calories (vomiting, laxatives and diuretics). Usual the patient eats normal meals with others to conceal the disorder. This is one of the reasons this disorder is difficult to diagnose. The bulimic's binge eating and purge behavior also originates from poor self image and feelings of inadequacy. Symptoms of bulimia are dark circles under the eyes, muscle wasting, dental cavities, and damage to tooth enamel caused by stomach acid from frequent vomiting. Problems with gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems are a potential danger in this disorder.*

Scurvy

A disease caused by lack of fresh fruits, vegetables, and vitamin C in the diet.

Rickets

A disease of the bones primarily due to the deficiency of vitamin D.

Beriberi

A disease resulting from lack of vitamin B, thiamine.

Protein

A nutrient found in foods such as eggs, meat, fish, legumes, and soy products that provides energy to the body.

Binge

A spree, to overindulge, such as with alcohol or food.

NREM / non rapid eye movement

A stage of sleep in which the sleeper does not experience rapid eye movement. In a healthy young adult, NERM sleep usually accounts for 75-90 percent of sleep time.

REM / rapid eye movement

A stage of sleep in which the sleeper experiences rapid eye movement. In a healthy young adult, REM sleep accounts for 10-25 percent of sleep time.

*Health*

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. *Is defined by the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. Health is not merely the absence of disease.*

Additive

A substance deliberately added to a material to fulfill some specific purpose such as enhancing taste or color or prolonging shelf life.

Calorie

A unit of measuring the heat value of food.

Amenorrhea

Absence of menses; without menstruation.

Carbohydrate

An organic combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as a sugar, a starch, or cellulose.

Sleep Apnea

Brief episodes of the cessation of breathing during sleep.

Malnutrition

Lack of necessary or proper food substances in the body.

*anorexia nervosa*

Loss of appetite; with anorexia nervosa, loss of appetite for food not explained by disease, which may be a part of psychosis. *Is a psychoneurotic disorder in which the patient usually a female refuses to eat over a period of time. Often, vigorous exercise is part of the daily routine to help burn calories. Many problems can stem from ongoing weight loss, including emaciation and amenorrhea. This disorder can be the result of emotional stress or conflict. The patient has a poor self image and is obsesses with a fear of becoming obese. Signs of this disorder are a change in personality, irritability, refusal to eat and weight loss.*

Electrolytes

Minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge and affect the amount of water in your body, the acidity of your blood /pH, your muscle function, and other important processes.

Dietitian

One who is trained in dietetics, which includes nutrition, and in charge of the diet of an institution.

*Nutrition*

Refers to edible material, food, things that nourish. *Is defined in Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary as all the processes involved in the taking in and utilization of food substances by which growth, repair, and maintenance of activities in the body as a whole or in any of its parts are accomplished. This includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism (assimilation) and means that what you put into your body is all your body has available to use to keep you healthy. If you fail to give proper nutrients (ingredients), it can't keep you functioning at optimum level. Patient education in proper nutrition is a MA function.*

Tactile

Relating to the sense of touch.

Water

The odorless and tasteless liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living matter.

Deprivation

To be deprived; without; having to do without or unable to use.

Obesity

Weighing more than 30 percent above your ideal body weight.

Infirmity

illness, disease.

Anorexic

one suffering from anorexia

Emaciation

to become abnormally thin; the loss of too much weight.