Chapter 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 9 Test Your Knowledge

Rank the evidence generated from the following designs from lowest to highest. a. Experimental designs b. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest c. One-group posttest-only d. Nonequivalent groups posttest only

4 is c. one group post-test only 3 is d. nonequivalent groups post-test only 2 is b. nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest 1 is a. experimental designs

Factors to consider when planning data collection include which of the following? (Select all that apply) 😡 a. Time frame b. Budget c. Training of personnel d. Availability of preprinted questionnaires

All of them

Which of the following situations is unethical? 1. A researcher tells a subject that he will not receive as high quality care if he withdraws from the study 2. A research assistant carefully explains in English, without using an interpreter, the benefits and risks of being in a study to a woman who speaks only Spanish 3. After discovering that subjects are experiencing adverse reactions to an intervention, researchers agree to discontinue the study

1. Unethical: not receiving high quality care 2. Unethical: patient is not informed 3. Ethical: study discontinued when harm outweighed benefit

Allowing a nursing administrator to see group data from surveys conducted in the organization Ethical/Unethical?

Ethical

Including information about incidental findings, especially when they involve side effects or risks Ethical/Unethical

Ethical

Providing subjects with money to reimburse their travel expenses to the data collection site Unethical/Ethical?

Ethical

Publishing articles about studies with nonsignificant findings Ethical/Unethical

Ethical

A group with elements having similar attritubes would be considered heterogeneous T or F

False

All experiments must include a minimum of three groups of subjects T or F

False

All statistically significant findings have clinical significance T or F

False

An instrument with a reported Cronbach's alpha or 0.65 has good reliability T or F

False

Any study that involves collecting data at multiple points in time is a longitudinal study. T or F

False

Attrition has little effect on the generalizability of study findings T or F

False

Face validity is the strongest method to establish validity T or F

False

Frequency distributions are an effective way to present inferential statistics T or F

False

If data are highly uniform, a low peak will be observed in a graphic representation of the data T or F

False

In a factional group only one group of subjects is required because they act as their own control. T or F

False

In retrospective designs, also known as ex post facto designs, the researcher manipulates the IV. T or F

False

Qualitative researchers do not have to adhere to the usual protection of human subjects because most studies are noninvasive T or F

False

Researchers should design studies that are easy for subjects to participate in regardless of how much control over extraneous variables is achieved. T or F

False

Researchers use correlations to determine if there are differences between 2 groups T or F

False

The threat of mortality is greater in cross-sectional designs than in longitudinal designs. T or F

False

The total number of subjects in a sample is represented by the symbol n T or F

False

Validity is concerned with an instrument obtaining accurate and repeatable measurements T or F

False

When a nurse researcher suspects abuse, it is unethical to report it because this information was obtained during a research interview T or F

False

When collecting data via the Internet, the rights of human subjects can be ignored because the web is public domain T or F

False

In nonexperimental designs, researchers manipulate the IV to determine cause and effect relationships T or F

False, nonexperimental does not manipulate IV

A study involving three groups need a minimum of 30 subjects T or F

False, rule of 30 applies to each group

Categories in grouped data must be mutually exclusive T or F

True

Characteristics of the accessible population should be considered when creating recruitment materials T or F

True

Cohort comparison studies can save time because more than one group of subjects is studied. T or F

True

Content validity is established by having a panel of experts review the instruments T or F

True

Data collection instruments should have codes rather than subject names to ensure anonymity T or F

True

Data contained in tables are an important source of evidence for practice T or F

True

Descriptive data are usually cross sectional and can be collected through surveys and questionnaires T or F

True

Equivalence, internal consistency, and stability are tested to ensure instrument reliability T or F

True

Fictitious names should be used when transcribing data so that actual participants remain unknown to others T or F

True

If the tail of a distribution is skewed to the left, the data are negative skewed T or F

True

In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value T or F

True

Nonexperimental designs can be used to develop and test theories T or F

True

Nurses should determine that researchers are using the correct statistical tests to analyze data T or F

True

Nurses should not speculate about the treatments subjects receive in a blind RCT T or F

True

Nursing's body of knowledge is dependent on the quality of research findings that are disseminated. T or F

True

Patients who are not in the intervention group must receive the usual standard of care T or F

True

Percentages are often used to describe characteristics of samples T or F

True

Qualitative findings must be shared with participants T or F

True

Reading the table after the text is a helpful strategy that can improve comprehension of ideas T or F

True

The Solomon four group design is more effective at controlling for threat of testing than is the two group prestest-posttest design. T or F

True

The best way to determine sample size for a quantitative study is through power analysis T or F

True

The purpose of non-experimental designs are to describe, explain and predict relationships T or F

True

Allowing a subject who does not speak English to sign a consent form without providing an interpreter Ethical/Unethical?

Unethical

Keeping a folder for every subject that contains a signed consent form and raw data Ethical/Unethical?

Unethical

Promising health care for life to individuals if they choose to participate in a study Ethical/Unethical?

Unethical

Selecting an alpha of .05 so that the research hypothesis is supported when it would not be if the alpha were set at .01 Ethical/Unethical

Unethical

target population

a population that meets sampling criteria

Which of the following statements is true regarding the collection of qualitative data? a. Questionnaires are an economical way to collect anonymous data b. Researchers can probe for more data when using questionnaires than when using interviews c. Focus groups can be led by anyone interested in the subjects d. Researchers should never interact with individuals they're observing

a. Questionnaires are an economical way to collect anonymous data

Which of the following are techniques for maintaing scientific rigor in qualitative studies? (Select all that apply) a. achieving saturation b. thick descriptions c. peer debriefing d. generalizing to populations

a. achieving saturation b. thick descriptions c. peer debriefing

Which of the following are physiological measures? (Select all that apply) 😡 a. Blood pressures b. Grades on exam c. Digoxin levels d. Mini-mental status

a. blood pressures c. digoxin levels

What is the researcher's ability to manipulate or regulate extraneous variables known as? a. control b. manipulation c. bias d. probability

a. control

To describe the frequency of a single variable myocardial infarction in adults ages 30-49, which of the following could be used? (Select all that apply) a. descriptive statistics b. inferential statistics c. univariate analysis d. bivariate analysis

a. descriptive statistics c. univariate analysis

What is the degree to which the results of studies can be generalized to other individuals, settings, or time called? a. external validity b. construct validity c. internal validity d. statistical conclusion validity

a. external validity

A pilot? a. Is a small version of the study b. Confirms feasibility of the study c. Critiques the conclusions from a study d. Is the small stipend that subjects receive for participating in a study

a. is a small version of the study b. confirms feasibility of the study

Inferential statistical tests are used to: (Select all that apply): a. make assumptions about the population b. describe the sample with means and standard deviations c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups d. select a sample e. determine whether results occurred by chance

a. make assumptions about the population c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups e. determine whether results occurred by chance

When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the a. mean b. median c. mode d. magnitude

a. mean

Match the terms a. Nominal b. ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 1. Intake and output measurement 2. pH of urine 3. Type of cancer 4. Strength of contractions (mild, moderate, severe)

a. nominal is 3 type of cancer b. ordinal is 4 strength of contractions c. interval is 2 pH of urine d. ratio is 1 intake/output measurement

To use random sampling, a researcher must know the a. sampling frame b. characteristics of the population c. exclusion criteria d. sampling interval

a. sampling frame

Which of the following terms are associated with qualitative sampling? (Select all that apply) a. snowball b. random c. purposive d. subjects

a. snowball c. purposive

Which of the following sampling methods involves randomization? (Select all that apply) a. systematic sampling b. snowball sampling c. stratified random sampling d. cluster sampling

a. systematic sampling c. stratified random sampling D. Cluster sampling

Which of the following are advantages that questionnaires have over interviews? (Select all that apply) 😡 a. Take less time to administer b. Provide for anonymity c. Allow for more in depth responses d. Minimize socially desirable responses

a. takes less time to administer b provide for anonymity d minimize socially desirable responses

Population

all elements that meet a well-defined set of criteria

When designing a study, which of the following should the researcher consider? (Sellect all that apply) a. research question b. review the literature c. theoretical framework d. study purpose

all of them

standard deviation

average deviations of a value from the mean

Experimental designs have control groups. Quasi-experimental designs have which of the following? a. Control groups b. Comparison groups c. Extraneous groups d. Peer groups

b. Comparison groups

A researcher plans to observe children in a kindergarten class. Students have always been told to be on their best behavior when guests are present in the classroom. What is the greatest threat to external validity? a. construct validity b. Hawthorne effect c. selection d. interaction of treatment setting

b. Hawthorne effect, subjects are influenced by participating in a study and not the IV itself

A researcher is studying the relationship of the amount of time invasive care unit patients spend lying on their backs and urine output. Which test would the researcher use to analyze the data? a. Chi Square b. Pearson's r c. Phi coefficient d. Multiple regression

b. Pearson's r

When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher (select all that apply) a. committed a type I error b. committed a type II error c. obtained significant results d. obtained nonsignificant results

b. committed a type II error d. obtained nonsignificant results

When a researcher assigns subjects to groups by tossing a coin, the researcher is using which technique? a. random selection b. random assignment c. bias d. within-groups design

b. random assignment

Which of the following should nurses consider when appraising qualitative data collection methods? (Select all that apply) 😡 a. The cost of the study b. The setting of the study c. The ages of the data collectors d. The role of the researcher

b. the setting of the study d. the role of the researcher

element

basic unit of the population

A researcher is conducting a study to determine whether a radio advertisement about the importance of early detection for colorectal cancer increases the attendance of middle aged men at a free screening. Which type of research is this an example of? (select all that apply) 😡 a. Basic research b. Community based participatory action research c. Health services research d. Translational research

c. Health services research d. Translational research

Quasi-experimental designs include which of the following essential components? a. Randomization, control group, and manipulation of IV b. Randomization and control group c. Manipulation of IV d. Randomization and manipulation of the IV

c. Manipulation of IV

During a study examining nurses' job satisfaction, the union decides to hold a strike. This is which type of threat to internal validity? a. selection bias b. mortality c. history d. testing

c. history, because they're influenced by something OTHER than IV

The most frequent data value in a set of data is the a. mean b. median c. mode d. average

c. mode

A researcher desires to study the effect of a memory game on older adults' abilities to recall a short-term task list. The researcher randomly selects 20 elders from a list of residents at a local nursing home. The sampling method used is; a. convenience sampling b. quota sampling c. simple random sampling d. purposive sampling

c. simple random sampling

inclusion criteria

characteristics of elements in a study

exclusion criteria

characteristics that eliminate elements from a study

z score

converted standard deviation to a standardized unit

The most commonly used alpha level in nursing research is a. .001 b. .0001 c. .005 d. .05

d. .05

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of nonexperimental designs? a. describe phenomenom b. explain relationships c. predict relationships d. examine casuality

d. examine casuality

Which method would you choose to answer the question; What process do older adults use when they quit smoking? a. ethnography b. historical c. phenomenology d. grounded theory

d. grounded theory

Range

difference between max and min values

constant comparison example of

ethnography qualitative research

emic example of

grounded theory qualitative research

t test

has independent and correlated variations

strategic sampling example of

historical qualitative research

coefficient of variation

percentage comparing standard deviations when units of measure are different

lived experience example of

phenomenology qualitative research

accessible population

population from which a researcher can sample

semiquartile range

range of the middle 50% of data

percentile

rank

Chi square

tests for differences between groups using nonparametric data

Pearson's r

tests for the significance of a correlation between 2 variables

Multiple regression

tests the significance of relationships among three or more variables

representativeness

the degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population

sample

the elements included in a study

ANOVA

uses the F statistic